























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Class J /T / lo~ j' 

Book_J_Z_ S ci _ 

Gopyiight N°__ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 








. 




























' 






















* 




A 




The Great World 
Conflict 

and 

Its Lessons 

SCHOOL of NATIONALITY 
and CITIZENSHIP 

(Real Preparedness) 

By Charles Richard Tuttle, 

.Author and Teacher. 


Volume One: 

INTRODUCTORY. 


Chicago, Ill. 

SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 

Chas. R. Tuttle, Publisher. 1910. 










.Tff5* 


Price, Seventy-Five Cents, 
With League Membership, $1.75. 


Copyright, 1916, By Chas. R. Tuttle 


Address 


Chas. R. Tuttle, 

SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP, 
20 East Jackson Boulevard, 
Suite 1302. 

Chicago, Ill. v*' ^ 

‘fGJi " 

SEP 2! 19!6 


©C/.A437764 

( ‘ 

i 






CONTENTS. 

Chap. Subject Page 

Contents. 3 

Foreword. 5 

I Phases of the World Conflict. 19 

II The New Work Field. 27 

III Objects and Purposes. 40 

IV Achievements of Industry. 53 

V Citizenship in the Making. 70 

VI Nationality and Citizenship. 85 

VII Nationality and Citizenship Con’d. 92 

VIII Facing New Conditions.108 

IX Health, Wealth and Citizenship.. 125 

X The Coming New Home.136 

XI Elimination of Hurtful Industries 140 
XII Higher Lessons of the War.144 













9 


foreword—The Plan. 

T HIS small volume is introductory 
to the movement now under way, 
in a work of founding a nation-wide 
system of leagues, on educational lines, 
for the study of the Great World Con¬ 
flict, and its Lessons, and the New Or¬ 
der of Industrial Economy, which is in¬ 
coming in the forms of a new world 
peace and prosperity. We call the edu¬ 
cational phases of the enterprise the 
School of Nationality and Citizenship, 
or Real Preparedness. 

The movement seeks to awaken the 
great middle element of the citizenry of 
the United States to a mutual enter¬ 
prise of civil preparedness, with a view 
to raising the average standard of citi¬ 
zenship in this country, so as to make 
ample preparation for meeting the new 
conditions and requirements which the 
5 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


war and its consequent industrial and 
economic unrest are bringing to our 
doors, to challenge the capacities of the 
people for efficient general service. 

This situation does not appear to be 
very thoroughly understood by the peo¬ 
ple, except, possibly, by a few, who have 
given existing and rising new conditions 
close attention and study. Indeed, many 
may question the strong statements of 
this first installment of our effort, and 
because this probably is true, the writer 
naturally seeks to support his interpre¬ 
tations of the phases of our time, by the 
following quotations from a very recent 
address of the President of the United 
States: 

“Look first at what it will be neces¬ 
sary that the nations of the world should 
do to make the days to come tolerable 
and fit to live and work in; and then 
look at our part in what is to follow and 
our own duty of preparation. For we 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


7 


must be prepared both in resources and 
in policy. 

“ There must be a just and settled 
peace, and we here in America must 
contribute the full force of our enthu¬ 
siasm and of our authority as a nation 
to the organization of that peace upon 
world-wide foundations that cannot eas¬ 
ily be shaken. No nation should be 
forced to take sides in any quarrel in 
which its own honor and integrity and 
the fortunes of its own people are not 
involved; but no nation can any longer 
remain neutral as against any wilful dis¬ 
turbance of the peace of the world. The 
effects of war can no longer be confined 
to the arenas of battle. No nation 
stands wholly apart in interest when the 
life and interests of all nations are 
thrown into confusion and peril. If 
hopeful and generous enterprise is to be 
renewed, if the healing and helpful arts 
of life are indeed to be revived when 
peace comes again, a new atmosphere of 


8 


FOREWORD-THE PLAN 


justice and friendship must be generated 
by means the world has never tried be¬ 
fore. The nations of the world must 
unite in joint guaranties that whatever 
is done to disturb the whole world’s life 
must first be tested in the court of the 
whole world’s opinion before it is at¬ 
tempted. 

‘ 4 These are the new foundations the 
world must build for itself, and we must 
play our part in the reconstruction, gen¬ 
erously and without too much thought 
of our separate interests. We must 
make ourselves ready to play it intelli¬ 
gently, vigorously and well. ’ ’ 

The foregoing, as will be seen, al¬ 
though uttered several weeks since the 
following pages were written, is in such 
complete harmony with their force and 
bent, that the writer is glad to repro¬ 
duce these deliverances, at this thresh¬ 
old, in order to give the greater weight 
to his teachings. It is seen that the 
work of preparedness here in hand is in 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


9 


a purpose of meeting the new conditions 
of this incoming new age. The writer 
at the start of his work desires to im¬ 
press the facts that the people are en¬ 
tering upon a new era of human econ¬ 
omy—one of revolutionary change— 
which demands new purposes and new 
policies. 

One leading aim of this movement is 
first to awaken the people to the fact 
that the time has come for them, gener¬ 
ally, to enter upon the work of taking 
active part in—discussing and shaping 
—public affairs—in acquainting them¬ 
selves with all the vital issues of policy, 
economic, political and educational, as 
they rise—so as to qualify for active 
and effective service in the work of 
creating healthy public sentiment con¬ 
cerning them. It is only by such a 
movement that the standard, or effi¬ 
ciency of government, in this country, 
can be raised to a higher plane, for it is 


10 


FOREWORD-THE PLAN 


well known that a government cannot 
rise higher than its source. 

The originator and head organizer of 
this somewhat formidable undertaking, 
while he promptly acknowledges the 
lack of great qualifications for the im¬ 
portant task, nevertheless rests his jus¬ 
tification for attempting to lead in the 
premises, upon his long training and ex¬ 
perience in the world of affairs, and his 
devotion to the cause here partly de¬ 
fined. Without material means, but with 
valuable though limited assistance, on 
this line, and with many years of train¬ 
ing in observation and study, such as 
newspaper and book writing and teach¬ 
ing combine to give one, and with strong 
endorsements from public men of high 
standing, the writer ventures upon the 
work, in the hope that an abler leader¬ 
ship will soon develop to guide and dig¬ 
nify this manifestly useful proposition. 

Our educational work will start in the 
form of a mutual school of adults, some- 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


11 


what of a private nature, composed of 
men and women in all parts of the 
country. This will he in the line of 
home study-work, by means of a contin¬ 
uous series of small volumes, the size 
and form of this one, which is in the sta¬ 
tus of an introduction to the movement. 
This part of our enterprise will be car¬ 
ried on in the way of a personal mail or¬ 
der business, and a correspondence sys¬ 
tem of instruction, the particulars of 
which will be supplied on application. 
The names of the students in this branch 
of the movement will not be made pub¬ 
lic. 

Concurrent with this progress, an ex¬ 
tensive system of Nationality and Citi¬ 
zenship Leagues will be organized 
throughout the country, with the objec¬ 
tive of carrying on assembly work on 
educational lines, by means of oral class¬ 
es in citizenship and nationality, on the 
mutual plan of league members teaching 
and training each other, as indicated on 


12 


FOREWORD-THE PLAN 


the following pages. In this respect the 
leagues will be classified as national, 
state and local—the national sessions 
dealing with national issues, the state 
sessions with state issues, and the local 
sessions with civics and kindred inter¬ 
ests. 

There will be but one system of 
leagues, and but one life membership 
certificate for each member. The latter 
will admit holders to league sessions 
everywhere. The life membership fee 
is one dollar, and, including this, the in¬ 
troductory lesson volume, one dollar and 
seventy-five cents. Dues for expenses 
will be regulated, each league .for itself. 
The cost of the work of organizing the 
leagues in the various towns, cities and 
rural districts of the country will be met 
by the membership fees, and by a part of 
the receipts from .the volumes. The vol¬ 
umes, without membership certificates, 
will be seventy-five cents each, postpaid. 

The head organizer wishes to secure 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


13 


men and woman organizers for the pur¬ 
pose of instituting leagues in all parts 
of the country. This work will be re¬ 
munerative. Interested persons are in¬ 
vited to write the head organizer for 
particulars in this respect. Complete 
and satisfactory safeguards have been 
provided for handling all moneys re¬ 
ceived from membership fees, by means 
of a reliable Treasurer-Trustee. The 
Economy Circular of the movement, 
sent or given on application, supplies all 
these details. 

We neither solicit nor accept money 
for unpublished volumes. This one is 
ready. The second, containing the first 
installment of regular lessons, with sta¬ 
tistics, etc., will be ready in October. 
All the volumes of the series will be uni¬ 
form in size, style, quality and price. 

First, a monthly, and later, a weekly 
magazine wiil be launched in October, as 
the regular organ of the movement. 


14 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


Only a very few of the important 
phases of the educational work of this 
mutual school could be enumerated, 
with hut little elaboration, in this intro¬ 
ductory volume, but sufficient has been 
advanced to somewhat clearly indicate 
the scope and character of the work un¬ 
dertaken. 

The writer seeks the hearty approval 
and co-operation of the people of the 
United States, in order to resolve this 
movement to a permanent status. The 
latter is necessary, for the reason that 
our cumulative progress has become so 
rapid, that the day will not soon arrive 
when mutual schools of adults will not 
be required to keep “grown people” 
abreast of the educational curricula of 
children and youth. 

It is here explained that as to this 
series of small lesson volumes, and the 
proposed magazine, these will be pub¬ 
lished and sold wholly as a private busi¬ 
ness enterprise, for which the National- 


FOREWORD—THE PLAN 


15 


ity and Citizenship degrees in no way 
will become responsible. Persons join¬ 
ing these leagues are not obliged to pur¬ 
chase these books. The membership fee 
is one dollar, without the volume, but it 
is confidently believed that all who will 
become actively interested will find the 
books of such value and use as to 
be practically indispensable, especially 
from month to month, during the first 
league year, in which organization work 
will comprise a great part of effort. 

On the other hand some, possibly 
many, will desire the volumes for home 
study purposes, who will find it incon¬ 
venient to join in the work of the 
leagues, actively and personally. These 
people may obtain the lesson volumes, 
as stated, for a remittance of seventy- 
five cents, by any usual method of money 
order or bank check. They will be sent 
postpaid. 

One-half of the membership fee—fifty 
cents—with other income is given to lo¬ 
cal league organizers, as compensation 


16 


FOREWORD-THE PLAN 


for their work. The remainder, as it is 
gathered in, will be paid over to the 
treasurers of the leagues, respectively. 
Each league will be completely self- 
governing, and will do with its own 
funds as its members may determine. 
At as early a date as practical—within 
three months—the incorporation of the 
parent league, which is located in Chi¬ 
cago, will be completed, and its constitu¬ 
tion and by-laws, for the regulation in 
harmony, of the league system, will be 
adopted. This will provide for the full 
autonomy of each league. 

In the earlier start of this work an at¬ 
tempt was made to proceed by raising 
the needed funds from incoming mem¬ 
bers, in the way of fees and tuitions. 
This method proved too slow. The head 
organizer was quick to see that private 
financial help would be needed, and that 
the present plan would have to be 
adopted if this indispensable assistance 


FOEEWOttD-THE PLAN 


17 


were obtained. So far the new plan is 
working successfully. 

Later the league system will publish 
its own educational literature; and it is 
expected this will reach out to include a 
wide volume of varieties. 

Sincerely yours, 

Chas. R. Tuttle. 

Chicago, Ills., Sept. 15, 1916. 




THE WORLD CONFLICT 

AND THE 

NEW ECONOMIC ORDER 


An Intoductory Lesson 
Volume 


CHAPTER I. 

PHASES OF THE WORLD CONFLICT. 

T HE wonderful significance of the 
Great World Conflict, now deso¬ 
lating the larger part of the civilized na¬ 
tions of the earth, which is being over¬ 
ruled for the betterment of humanity, 
constitutes one or many of the most im¬ 
portant lessons ever made available to 
mankind. 


19 




20 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


At its beginning one could not easily 
grasp the full import of the unpre¬ 
cedented upheaval, but the suggestive 
sway of its duration, already revealing 
its closely approaching new aspects, 
brings this instructive significance to 
somewhat clear understanding. 

It is the duty of every man, woman 
and child, so far as the latter may be 
able to do so, to make a careful study 
of the bent, or aims of this world-wide 
reign of discord, with a view to appro¬ 
priating these lessons, in a work of 
preparation to meet the new require¬ 
ments which now are rising to force a 
new order of economy into human life. 

This may be called a work of civil pre¬ 
paredness, although military prepara¬ 
tion, on an extensive scale, on the part 
of the government and people of the 
United States, now is and will continue 
to be, a pressing duty, until the fury of 
the storm has completely expended its 


PHKASES OF WORLD CONFLICT 


31 


force, or finished its mighty work of 
transformation. 

The world conflict, as we shall call it, 
may be considered from the points of 
view of five phases, but on these pages 
we shall undertake only to partly elab¬ 
orate three of them—the three here first 
named. The five may be listed in the 
following order: 

1— Human war by material weapons for 
the slaughter of humans. 

2— Industrial conflicts. 

3— Trade and commerce conflicts of ab¬ 
normal competition. 

4— Pestilences and calamities. 

5— Warnings by conflicts in the natural 
elements. 

Each of these phases appears to be 
assigned to a special work, namely: 

1—The war, proper, is winnowing and 
shaking the “false values” out of 
civilization, and clearing the human 
sky, or dissolving the lowering 


22 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


clouds that now darken the estate of 
humanity, thus preparing a way be¬ 
fore the people for more enlightened 
progress. 

2— Industrial conflicts now rising will so 
disturb and devastate the present 
faulty order, or system of industrial 
economy, including the productive 
industries and transportation inter¬ 
ests, that the strong arm of govern¬ 
mental control will be forced to ex¬ 
tend a managing power over them. 
This will provide new and better 
measures of economic equity—meas¬ 
ures more efficient, according to the 
degree of progress which the people 
individually realize in citizenship 
and good government. 

3— The trade war, or unfairly discrim¬ 
inating competition, to which the 
clash of nations is giving existence, 
will be waged by an alliance of the 
victorious powers, which for a time 
will succeed in dominating the flo- 


PHRASES OF WORLD CONFLICT 


23 


ing current of the world’s trans¬ 
portation, trade and commerce. This 
cruel supremacy on land, sea and 
ocean will work great injury to the 
weaker and smaller nations, and, in 
course of time, as a substitute for a 
repetition of the war of human 
slaughter, international world gov¬ 
ernment will rise as the means of 
preventing such wars in the future, 
and to secure the prosperity of world 
peace. 

4—Pestilences and the warning voices 
of the elements, should they overtake 
our world, as factors, or phases of 
this great reign of discord, will be of 
a psychological function, working to 
the cure of the mental disease of ab¬ 
normal selfishness, from which the 
far greater part of human afflictions 
now are flowing. In short, it may he 
said that all the phases of this world 
conflict, now bearing so heavily upon 
humanity, have combined into one 


34 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


overruling force for raising the peo¬ 
ple of this and other nations, intel¬ 
lectually and ethically, to a higher 
plane—for the inauguration of a new 
and better order of human economy, 
with the overflowing prosperity of 
peace. 


In order that we may reach an under¬ 
standing of the many and great changes 
which this series of conflicts is bringing 
to our doors, and of the as many and 
great new requirements, responsibilities 
and duties, to which these changes now 
are giving forceful existence, we should 
focus mental vision, for a moment, upon 
the nature of human progress. The 
most real fact connected with our civili¬ 
zation is change. Not anything in the 
physical or human state of life is fixed, 
or changeless. Immovability, or the 
changeless world is the expressor of this 
realm, in which we live and constitute a 
small but important part, while the 



PHRASES OF WORLD CONFLICT 


25 


physical and the human, ever growing, 
ever developing, constitute the expres¬ 
sion —the expressed image—of the 
changeless life, themselves in continuous 
change. These facts inspire one to de¬ 
clare that the change of development, 
growth, progress and achievement is the 
one and only external reality. 

One phase of this continuous change 
is seen and felt in the ever flowing, ever 
rising flood of new human requirements. 
These are in the natural fruitage of 
progress and achievement. These 
changes and ever dawning new require¬ 
ments are horn of the storms and con¬ 
flicts of the human state—storms which 
dissolve and dissipate the heavy clouds 
that gather in the human sky, into great 
floods of precipitation, thus enabling us 
to see, in the expanding light of our own 
achievements, a little more clearly, from 
one summit to another, what we really 
are and what we really are doing. 


26 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


These new requirements, or new con¬ 
ditions, a host of which now are spring¬ 
ing up to confront and challenge human 
genius to the rightful solution of their 
problems, call for a new growth and de¬ 
velopment of citizenship capacities in 
men and women, generally. We cannot 
perform the new work to which our 
progress is calling us in our old harness 
—by our old methods. Each summit of 
attainment demands new thought, new 
action. In the measure that people suc¬ 
cessfully respond to this demand, dis¬ 
cord, conflict and affliction are left be¬ 
hind and below—are dissolved. 


CHAPTER II. 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD. 

A S WE plainly can see, the terrible 
human world conflict, or that phase 
of it carried on by the use of mo¬ 
bile armies and navies and aerial arma¬ 
ments, has reached and soon will pass 
the zenith of its fury. It will cease al¬ 
together whenever one or more of the 
great powers engaged in it becomes ex¬ 
hausted, probably not sooner. 

As already indicated, this ending of 
the war will not provide the world, or 
any large part of it, with industrial 
peace. Hence, it will not be a termina¬ 
tion of the world conflict. Rather will it 
be a shifting of its phases. In the in- 
27 


28 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


dustrial strife that must follow, we shall 
have the advent of a new datum for, or 
a new departure in, our civilization. 
This will give birth to a new order of 
economy. This new order will rise in 
measures of industrial peace. Peace in 
the human state of life is industrial 
peace . It cannot be other than this. 

This observation brings us to consider 
in what wonderful way industry is the 
basic principle of educational develop¬ 
ment, and all human advancement. In¬ 
dustry is first, education second and 
achievement third, and last. Hence, if 
we find peace—real peace—we must em¬ 
brace it at the foundation, and of course, 
it will be industrial peace. 

In the storms that will cloud the hu¬ 
man heavens incident to the changes 
that will overtake us, as the result of 
the world conflict, the people of the 
United States will be compelled to ap¬ 
peal to educational agencies as never be¬ 
fore. We should not forget that the 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD 


29 


founders of our government and insti¬ 
tutions of civilization adjusted tlieir 
aims toward the realization of a new 
democracy, and placed their hopes for 
this achievement in the utility of popu¬ 
lar education. 

To this end a free public school sys¬ 
tem was established; and, to defray the 
cost of this vast undertaking, not only 
direct taxation was resorted to, hut the 
great public domain of the national gov¬ 
ernment was drawn upon for the pur¬ 
pose. Thus far, this constructive work 
of the patriotic pioneers of our country 
was wrought in wisdom. Wonderful 
public school systems soon developed to 
match phenomenal growth in population, 
so that at the beginning of the twentieth 
century the United States could boast 
public school systems with an enroll¬ 
ment of nearly 18,000,000 pupils, and an 
average daily attendance of 12,827,307. 
The latter are the figures for 1910, when 
salaries were paid to superintendents 


30 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


and teachers amounting to $253,915,170. 
The total expenditures for the public 
schools in that year was $426,250,434. In 
the same year the number of students in 
colleges, universities and schools of tech¬ 
nology was, men, 119,026; women, 64,- 
546. 

The figures for 1915 show the average 
annual growth of the educational insti¬ 
tutions of the country to have been more 
than maintained during the five years. 
Thus, we have before us the enormous 
growth of the educational systems of the 
United States, in a little more than half 
a century. 

To begin with, and even up to the 
present time, the public school curricu¬ 
lum of this country, with some slight 
changes and improvements, during the 
present and immediately preceding 
decades, has been of the traditional cast. 
The industrial element, unfortunately, 
has been excluded. In this respect, in¬ 
dustrial schools have risen outside the 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD 


31 


public systems, proper, and in relation¬ 
ship with them, but the introduction into 
actual school work of productive indus¬ 
tries, that is to say, industries product¬ 
ive of temporal bounties and uses as 
well as intellectual growths, has made 
no practical headway in the public school 
systems of the nation. 

In some places vocational schools 
have been established and have been at¬ 
tended with excellent results, but the 
important and necessary enterprise of 
industrializing and socializing the pub¬ 
lic schools of the United States, on a 
practical basis, yet remains to be under¬ 
taken. In view of the new conditions 
and new citizenship requirements now 
rising this work cannot longer be de¬ 
layed without injurious results to the 
country. 

The failure to perform this task in 
the past is due to the need for a better 
understanding of the natural relation¬ 
ships existing between industry and ed- 


32 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ucation, without active expression in 
practice, among the school people of this 
country. But now the hour has struck 
when delay in this respect can no longer 
be tolerated. 

In the exact measure that new condi¬ 
tions and requirements press for recog¬ 
nition will we be compelled to change 
and transform our public educational 
curricula. Childhood and youth now re¬ 
quire to be trained in the duties of a 
more advanced and more efficient citi¬ 
zenship to meet the demands of an in¬ 
coming new order, and, adults—men and 
women—will be in the necessity of train¬ 
ing themselves to the same end. Hence, 
the need of a popular movement in the 
way of mutual schools for the latter ac¬ 
complishment. 

It has taken -many of us considerable 
time, and the expense of some mental ef¬ 
fort, to find out that industrial economy 
comprehends the whole—the sum total— 
of human economy, as such. It all is 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD 


33 


included in the phrase: Mental and phy¬ 
sical industry. The mental is first, but 
unless the physical follows promptly the 
first is good work only half accom¬ 
plished. Then, of course, industry is 
both mental and physical. 

Permit me, here, to make a few simple 
statements in the new economics, to be 
elaborated later. 

First . Industry is the exclusive, ac¬ 
tive, basic principle of educational train¬ 
ing, growth and development. 

Second. Therefore, we should com¬ 
pletely industrialize all our public and 
quasi-public educational systems. 

Third. It is only by this natural proc¬ 
ess that one can educationalize private 
and public industry, or resolve our 
whole industrial realm to an educational 
status. 

Fourth . There is no normal or right¬ 
ful human calling, vocation, profession 
or pursuit which is not educationally 


34 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


training and developing, when carried 
on in natural, reasonable methods. 

Fifth. Industry is personal and co¬ 
operative. Biological industry, from 
which we should draw most of our les¬ 
sons in co-operation, affords a surpass¬ 
ingly wonderful illustration of blending 
individual and social riches. In this 
realm of cellular industry we cannot find 
social or collective wealth, health and 
happiness while there is a single case 
of individual impoverishment. 

Sixth. The health of the human body 
is impossible, while its units, even in 
small numbers, are diseased. It is pre¬ 
cisely the same with the social body of 
mankind. 

Seventh. In this great relative realm 
of ours it is useless to look for social 
happiness, only as we find it overflowing 
in temporal, intellectual and ethical 
riches from the lives of human person¬ 
alities. 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD 


35 


Eighth. Now, mark well! Education 
—capacity for useful citizenship—is the 
natural fruitage of co-operative indus¬ 
try. 

Nine. Abounding temporal, intellect¬ 
ual and ethical bounties—the essentials 
of human happiness—are the natural 
fruitage of educational training, based 
on mutual, co-operative industry. 

Ten. Natural, normal, just, equitable, 
co-operative, mutual, educational indus¬ 
try produces the abundant, abounding, 
overflowing life—enough, and to spare, 
for each and enough for all the members 
of society, and enough forevermore. 


Then, it is not industrial education we 
are to seek, but rather, educational in¬ 
dustry. We seek to place our public 
school, and all our educational systems, 
on an industrial basis, in order to make 
them truly, practically educational. 

It is here impressed that this, in a 
great measure, is a new work. As a new 



36 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


thought teacher in private classes, or 
centers, for many years—new thought 
in application to industry, economics 
and human economy, generally—the 
writer now is endeavoring to secure the 
practice of this new thought in the 
world,—in the economy of every day life. 
One of the most important phases of this 
new order is that educational training 
can be successfully carried on by a cur¬ 
riculum that unites mental and physical 
industry—one that will physicalize men¬ 
tal developments as it moves along. 

Right thinking naturally is in the sta¬ 
tus of progressive thought, but the ex¬ 
tension of this thought, by being ex¬ 
pressed in actions—physical industry— 
is essential to mental and bodily health, 
and to the happiness of mankind. This 
physicalizing of mental creations is in 
the nature of industrializing education, 
or, connecting educational processes up 
with their basic principle, called indus¬ 
try. While industry, to be fully effect- 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD 


37 


ive must call into action both its mental 
and physical wings, neither side of this 
duality should be allowed to remain dor¬ 
mant. This neglect produces affliction. 

One may be inspired to a somewhat 
clear vision of our new work-field by the 
following brief summary of the present 
situation: With an awful human war 
which has desolated more than half the 
world, and which refuses to subside, but 
threatens to overrun the American con¬ 
tinents; with new phases appearing in 
the human sky that menace mankind 
with a possible reign of psychological 
pestilences; with the danger of a sym¬ 
pathetic outbreak from the natural ele¬ 
ments ; with the great world war waged 
for control of the commerce of the high 
seas, about to extend its phases to in¬ 
clude a,universal trade war, on land and 
sea, the disastrous effects of which prob¬ 
ably will reach to every part of the 
earth, new conditions now rising, in the 
form of the second aspect of the human 


38 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


crisis, call for a higher standard of citi¬ 
zenship and a stronger international 
program in the United States; with 
political inequities almost universally 
prevailing; with a public educational 
system potential of an overflowing des¬ 
tiny for human welfare, but impatiently 
calling for complete transformation to 
meet the demands for purposive, indus¬ 
trial training; with a partially alien citi¬ 
zenship, composing an important ele¬ 
ment of the population, unawakened to 
the high privileges, duties and oppor¬ 
tunities of American nationality; with 
many, many homes sending out into the 
world millions of children, who are can¬ 
didates for manhood and womanhood, 
but slightly, or wrongly trained for 
life’s duties, owing to the inefficiency of 
their parents; with an educational cur¬ 
ricula which undertakes to train the 
youth what they can do and how to per¬ 
form it, without instructing them as to 
what they are; with a human economy 


THE NEW WORK-FIELD 


39 


working on the basic ideal that the 
greater part of mankind is in the status 
of a commodity, or source of temporal 
wealth, only; with the free and unre¬ 
strained course of the human mental dis¬ 
ease of conflict-breeding selfishness; 
with psychological conditions, wherein 
diseased human mental states are ex¬ 
pressing into our realm the forces of 
evil conduct, to the point of overflowing 
—and, in the face of all this, with a 
country inexhaustibly rich and bounti¬ 
ful of natural resources, and with many 
millions of human personalities of al¬ 
most infinite potentialities for the con¬ 
tinuous achievement of peace, happi¬ 
ness and prosperity, and the acquire¬ 
ment of not only an abundance of tem¬ 
poral bounties and uses, but of eternal 
values—the bells of this wonderfully 
transitional period, in unison, have 
struck the hour for a great human awak¬ 
ening to a work of civil preparedness 
for service in the cause of mankind and 
self. 


CHAPTER III. 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES. 

I T WAS stated in the Foreword of this 
little volume that this small hook is 
in the form of an introduction to the 
courses of instruction contained in the 
whole series of volumes to follow. These 
lessons on “The World Conflict and the 
New Economic Order/' as was stated, 
constitute our effort a “Private Printed 
Lesson School 99 for home study, the 
lessons to follow this being the same as 
are orally used in the schools of the Na¬ 
tionality and Citizenship League Sys¬ 
tem , of which the writer is the founder. 

These pages, in addition to briefly 
sketching the studies to be taken up in 
40 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES 


41 


private home work and oral classes in 
the leagues, will undertake to explain the 
objects and purposes of the league sys¬ 
tem. The two short explanations will 
be somewhat interwoven. 

The first question naturally rising 
here is, In what way and by what meth¬ 
ods are we, as an organization, going to 
facilitate the coming and the applica¬ 
tion of the new order here spoken of? 
Several answers, the one harmonizing 
with the other, are due to this important 
inquiry, in order to impress the import¬ 
ance of their significance, and to make 
the work in hand fully understood. 

First, as to the ultimate aim, we seek 
to mobilize a peaceful army of 10,000,000 
men and women in the United States for 
the purpose of creating a sound, healthy, 
intelligent sentiment that will bring into 
realization the following greatly needed 
results: 

1—The industrialization of our public 
and quasi-public educational systems, 


42 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


placing them behind a program which, 
instead of costing many hundreds of 
millions of dollars, annually, will not 
only pay their own way, hut earn, each 
year, vastly greater sums, in wealth and 
riches, for the use of society, and at the 
same time realize far more practical ed¬ 
ucational results. 

2— Better national, state and munici¬ 
pal systems of government. 

3— A new public school curriculum 
that will train children and youth to 
grow and develop true value purposes, 
so as to destroy the mental disease of 
abnormal selfishness, and establish prac¬ 
tical, economic co-operation and sensible 
brotherhood, or fraternity. 

The more immediate aim is to carry 
on mutual, educational industry—mental 
and physical industry—within and by 
our membership, to the great temporal, 
intellectual and ethical gain of each, per¬ 
sonally, and all together, socially. 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES 


43 


To this good end it is the purpose to 
carry on mutual schools of citizenship, 
nationality, industry and civil prepared¬ 
ness, generally, on the private printed 
lesson and home study plan, and on the 
oral class methods in connection with the 
assembly work of the leagues; later to 
conduct co-operative industries, by new 
methods, on publishing and other lines, 
for personal and social gain; to conduct 
a mercantile, or sales business, for mar¬ 
keting our productions on the mail or¬ 
der system and otherwise. 

One of our safeguards will be: One 
thing at the time—not everything at 
once. We will strive to advance by nat¬ 
ural evolution, from one thing to many 
things. To these ends we will seek, from 
small beginnings, to reach a membership 
of more than one million men and wo¬ 
men, as members of the national, state 
and local leagues, and of our private 
schools, in a period of about one year, 
without the publication of the names of 


44 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


members or students in any manner 
whatever, except those of teachers, or¬ 
ganizers and officers, and to have the 
greater part of them employed within 
the domain of the league system and the 
schools, and enjoying substantial in¬ 
comes, within the same period. 

In short, we aim, by mutual methods, 
to teach citizenship, and by a new co-op¬ 
erative system, to practice it. In other 
terms, we propose to engage, in all parts 
of our country, on a natural, co-opera¬ 
tive plan, in mental and physical indus¬ 
try, for our mutual benefit. In the im¬ 
portant concern of the government of 
this movement, we shall become a living 
demonstration of the new democracy, 
day by day. 

But we have another, and probably a 
paramount objective, which is both im¬ 
mediate and ultimate. The very nature, 
force and function of this movement con¬ 
stitute it, prospectively at least, a great 
mediatorial force of harmoniously united 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES 


45 


educational agencies, and, as such, we 
will strive, diplomatically, to occupy a 
peace-making place between industry 
and capital. On this peace-promoting 
platform we will raise the white stand¬ 
ard of harmony, and work for a better 
understanding between these important 
elements of human economy, knowing as 
we do, that industrial peace is the only 
peace of prosperity and happiness worth 
the name, or that our world can ever 
realize. Victory in this field must be 
the triumph of co-operation. 

Where are our pacifists? Can they 
not see that there can be no peace, ex¬ 
cept as it is industrial peace? How 
could there be any other peace, when in¬ 
dustry—normal industry—is the basic 
principel of human becoming, or real 
progress in the human state? 

What is meant by the statement that 
we propose to practice citizenship as 
well as to teach or study it? Just this! 
Civil preparedness comprehends effi- 


46 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ciency, as far as practicable, in all the 
normal callings, vocations or pursuits of 
human life. We cannot become thus 
trained by mental industry only. To 
tliis mental training physical industry 
and training must be added. 

This practice of citizenship capacities 
must be—cannot fail to be—productive, 
whether performed by a man or a wo¬ 
man, a boy or a girl. This physical in¬ 
dustry, which is in the nature of ex¬ 
pressing, or physicalizing our mental 
growths, is what I call industrializing 
education. Now, where this industry, or 
work is carried on in a normal or natur¬ 
al process, it is, as we plainly see, edu¬ 
cational, and in a process of education- 
alizing industry. 

Thus, the one hand washes the other. 
Again, this industry—educational indus¬ 
try—being productive should find, and 
will find, a market for its products. 
These products will be of the temporal, 
the intellectual and the ethical varieties. 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES 


47 


The continuous flow of the great Ti nm an 
life current ever is in demand of these 
supplies—each and all of them—and 
ever is ready to pay a fair price for 
them. Hence, it is that citizenship edu¬ 
cation implies mental development, phys¬ 
ical training, manufacturing establish¬ 
ments, and merchandising marts. 

The writer verily expects to see the 
day when we shall have the public school 
supply store, as well as the school fac¬ 
tory—and these in great variety. If we 
make a practical demonstration of this, 
we shall not only industrialize education, 
but we will educationalize industry. Not 
only this, but we shall thus provide a 
source of individual and social profit— 
temporal, intellectual and ethical profit 
—for each member of our league system, 
and for society, respectively. 

Our schools will teach political citi¬ 
zenship and statesmanship, including 
government, parliamentary law, civics, 
immigration, emigration, colonization, 


48 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


naturalization, the ballot, suffrage, and 
so on; also, economic citizenship in all 
its varied interests. Correlated with the 
latter, we shall have instruction in social 
science, co-operation and fraternity. 

One great objective of this movement 
will be the creation of a strong public 
sentiment in support of good govern¬ 
ment and clean politics. We will be 
able to accomplish this only in the meas¬ 
ure in which league members acquaint 
themselves with the pros and cons of all 
important public issues. We must be¬ 
come conversant with public affairs, and 
familiar with the institutions of civiliza¬ 
tion of the United States. In our work 
of creating public sentiment on all politi¬ 
cal and civic issues, the movement should 
become a great power in the country, so 
that it will be able to advance beneficial 
measures and defeat bad ones. Our mot¬ 
to is: Uncover conditions; attach persons 
and classes, never! 

The movement, in a pacific, education- 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES 49 

al propaganda, should undertake the 
work of eliminating all hurtful indus¬ 
tries from our economy. Their name is 
legion. Each member of our league sys¬ 
tem should qualify to become an active 
teacher, trainer and examplar of whole¬ 
some economy. 

The movement on its scientific side 
should seek to find the primary causes 
of industrial sickness and discord, in or¬ 
der to dissolve them; and we should find 
out what we really are, and what we 
really are doing. Our movement should 
distinguish itself as much, if not more, 
in a work of bringing our already estab¬ 
lished public educational and welfare 
agencies, to undertake essential new 
work, as by that which we may perform 
directly. 

We should study the evolution of citi¬ 
zenship in connection with that of civil¬ 
ization, in order to obtain a vision of the 
dangerous drift of human progress, and 
we should influence our public schools to 


50 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


engage in the work of developing true 
value purposes in the childhood and 
youth of the land, so as to put into the 
civilization of this nation a helm to guide 
its course. 

We should form a new partnership be¬ 
tween our heads and our hands, and 
demonstrate to mankind that this com¬ 
bine is the most effective capital that can 
be put behind industry and enterprise. 
This principle of progress rests upon the 
sure foundation that the seeding and 
harvesting of natural resources never 
will fail. 

The great and strong, in thought, 
learning, wealth and business recently 
have been holding meetings in the larger 
cities of the United States, and listening 
to able addresses on real preparedness. 
This is as it should be, and it proves our 
movement to be in order, but if the great 
middle element of the population can be 
awakened to engage in the work here 
proposed, the grandest level-up, educa- 


OBJECTS AND PURPOSES 


51 


tional enterprise of the century will find 
life and force. 

In a work of training ourselves for 
the duties of citizenship, and in our en¬ 
deavors to solve the problems of indus¬ 
try, a mutual school, in the case of 
adults, is the best plan. We can have 
little use for great scientific instructors. 
We need an awakened spirit of mutual 
helpfulness, and a greater love for so¬ 
ciological co-operation. We all can teach 
each the other, and learn each from the 
other. 


And now kindly remember that all this 
is in the practice of good citizenship. We 
are to study for the acquirement of effi¬ 
cient citizenship capacities, in our school 
shops, and to practice in the application 
of these new forces in our work shops . 
And again I say, by these methods, we 
will industrialize education and educa- 
tionalize industry. Then we will realize 
a new flow of temporal, intellectual and 



52 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ethical values into the life of each mem¬ 
ber of our league system, and demon¬ 
strate the advantages of the incoming 
new order. 

Lastly, we should hold in steady men¬ 
tal vision, as a guide to our endeavors, 
that only in the measure of personal de¬ 
velopments in efficient citizenship and 
service can the betterment of society, 
and the improvement of individual and 
social conditions he secured. 


CHAPTER IV. 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY. 

W E already have called to attention 
the principal phases and lessons of 
the world conflict. We have seen that 
the final outcome of the European war 
will be realized in strong measures of in¬ 
ternational world government, by which 
means human wars will cease. This is 
the last world war, by weapons for hu¬ 
man slaughter, that our race will exper¬ 
ience; and the strife of competition and 
commerce, rapidly will fade after a few 
years. Industrial peace will cover the 
greater part of the earth by the middle 
of the present century, and will have 
gained a strong place by the beginning 
53 


54 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


of the third decade of the twentieth cen¬ 
tury. 

The competitive trade war that will 
follow the conflict of arms in Europe is 
not likely to eventuate in great outbursts 
of violence. The spirit of conflict which 
has deluged a continent in human blood, 
already is sinking into a state of weak¬ 
ness. By exhaustion it will be tamed. 
Moreover, as this evil spirit fades in the 
measure that its support of industrial 
discord is dissolved, a new spirit—that 
of international brotherhood—will rise 
in its stead. 

The transition from internatioial ha¬ 
tred, to international good will will be 
comparatively sudden, so much so that 
world peace and prosperity soon will 
weave a crown for the incoming univer¬ 
sal civilization. This rising spirit of in¬ 
ternational world government is in the 
fruitage of the rapidly approaching uni¬ 
versality of Christian civilization. The 
close, careful observer beholds the earth 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


55 


girdling march of this civilization. He 
has followed it from its cradle, in the 
far East, into Europe, where the first 
Western Civilization was established. 
He has seen how, when this Western 
Civilization was generating strength to 
cross the Atlantic wars and conflicts pre¬ 
vailed in the Old World. He has followed 
the procession from one to the other 
shore of the Atlantic, and across the 
American continent, and now, on the 
American borders of the Pacific, where 
the standard of this procession has been 
set up, he beholds the second Western 
Civilization gathering power to over¬ 
come this western ocean, and march into 
the Orient. Again, wars prevail, as be¬ 
fore. But the mighty procession of hu¬ 
man progress will continue its western 
course, transforming the Orient from 
barbarism to brotherhood, as it forges 
its resistless march. The change will be 
from sterility to vistas of natural re¬ 
sources and the bloom of wealth and 


56 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


achievement, until it reaches the won¬ 
derful place of its birth. He beholds in 
the completion of this world-girdling pil¬ 
grimage of human progress, an embodi¬ 
ment of the triumphs of human indus¬ 
try and endeavor, and worships at the 
shrine of industrial peace. 

If the twentieth century witnesses the 
finish of this procession of achievements, 
then it will be the grandest of all the cen¬ 
turies of human history, written and un¬ 
written, because it will celebrate the 
gathering together of all the nations of 
the earth into one great world-nation, 
with the full atonomy of each and the 
supremacy of the whole—because it will 
be the fulfillment of our hopes and as¬ 
pirations for the realization of universal 
peace and prosperity—industrial peace 
and intellectual harmony. 

We already have seen, in part, in what 
way the world conflict is transforming 
our industries, by their classifications, 
from discord to harmony—from conflict 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


57 


to measures of peace, and we observe 
that this incoming betterment is advanc¬ 
ing by the functions of a more extended 
and more enlightened governmental con¬ 
trol over them. We are beginning to 
realize that the conflicts in these indus¬ 
tries are working in the functions of 
voices in demand for this control. 

These facts now so plainly revealed 
should incite in the citizenry of this na¬ 
tion a deeper interest than ever before 
in the work of securing strong, efficient, 
just government in this country. These 
new conditions appeal directly to our na¬ 
tional, state and municipal governments, 
and in all these departments of rulership 
there must be greater efficiency, if new 
requirements are adequately met. We 
all know that the capacities of our gov¬ 
ernments cannot rise above those of the 
citizenship of the nation. Therefore, the 
problem resolves itself to the great issue 
of a more enlightened citizenship in the 
United States. 


58 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


We seek to awaken the people to the 
importance of this great issne. In the 
advancement and rise of the people—the 
great middle element of the population— 
is to be found the foundation of our 
hopes for the future welfare and contin¬ 
ued progress of this favored country. In 
this regard we will do well to look into 
the phenominal growth of industrial 
economy, as such, in this country during 
the last part of the nineteenth century, 
and that part of the twentieth already 
passed. It is less than three quarters of 
a century since industrial economy, 
proper, came into existence and forma¬ 
tion in the United States, as the hand¬ 
maid of general commercial economy. 
From that advent the material growth 
and development of this new nation, and, 
in many respects, its intellectual and eth¬ 
ical progress have become the wonder of 
the world. 

To the end that we may comprehend 
the scope of the great interests involved 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


59 


in this progress, it will serve us to ad¬ 
vantage to very briefly contemplate our 
business, industrial and productive ad¬ 
vancements during the short past. In 
1800 the United States contained but 
892,135 square miles of territory, a pop¬ 
ulation of 5,308,483, giving but 6.12 in¬ 
habitants to the square mile; a total 
wealth of about $5,000,000,000 and a pub¬ 
lic debt of $82,976,294. Fifty years later, 
the territory of the United States had 
been extended to 2,997,119 square miles, 
with a population of 23,191,876, or 7.8 
per square mile, and a total wealth of 
$7,135,780,000, or a per capita of $307.69. 
We may regard this status as the na¬ 
tional foundation of the mighty indus¬ 
trial and business superstructure which 
has been evolved since 1850. 

Coming practically to the present date, 
or sixty-one years later, we are in some 
measure awed by the following figures: 

Area, 3,026,789 square miles. 

Population, over 100,000,000. 


90 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


Population per square mile, 31.54. 

Total wealth, about $200,000,000,000. 

Wealth per capita, about $1,500. 

Exports (1911), $2,049,320,199. 

Imports (1911), $1,527,226,105. 

In 1911 the public debt had increased 
to $1,015,784,338, or about $10.83 per 
capita. This is not only phenominal, but 
the figures indicate it to be healthy, nor¬ 
mal and sound. But we should add to 
tfiese statistics the following: In 1911 
the interest bearing debt was $915,353,- 
190; the annual interest charge, $21,336,- 
673; interest per capita, 23 cents; gold 
coined, $56,176,823; silver coined, $6,457,- 
302; commercial ratio of silver to gold, 
38.33; money in circulation July 1, 1911, 
$589,295,538; silver in circulation, 
$210,867,772. 

In 1911, the gold certificates in circu¬ 
lation amounted to $930,367,929. 

Silver certificates, $453,543,696. 

United States notes (green backs), 
$338,989,122. 


ACHIEVEMENTS OP INDUSTRY 


61 


National Bank notes, $687,701,283. 

Miscellaneous currency, $3,237,256. 

Total money in circulation, $3,214,- 
002,596. 

Circulation per capita, $34.20. 

Bank clearings, $159,373,450,000. 

Total number of National Banks, 7,277. 

Capital in, $1,019,663,152. 

Loans and discounts, $5,610,838,787. 

Surplus funds and undivided profits, 
$913,500,903. 

In the same year individual deposits in 
the national banks amounted to $5,477,- 
991,156; in savings banks, $4,212,583,599; 
in state banks, $2,777,566,836; deposits 
in loan and trust companies, $3,295,855,- 
895; in private banks, $142,277,224; total, 
$15,906,274,710; number of depositors in 
savings banks, 9,597,185; government re¬ 
ceipts (ordinary) total, $701,372,375; per 
capita, $7.46; customs, $314,497,071; in¬ 
ternal revenues, $322,529,201. 

In 1911, the government disburse¬ 
ments were, ordinary, $654,137,988; per 


62 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


capita, $6.96; war, $160,135,976; navy, 
$119,937,644; interest on public debt, 
$21,311,334; pensions, $157,980,575; to¬ 
tal number of pensioners, 892,098; im¬ 
ports of merchandise, free, $776,972,509; 
dutiable, $750,253,596; total, $1,527,226,- 
105; exports of merchandise, domestic, 
$2,013,549,025; foreign, $35,771,174; to¬ 
tal, $2,049,320,199. 

The total value of farm products in 
1911 was $8,417,000,000; total value of 
animals, $5,276,348,000. 

In 1910 the number of establishments 
engaged in manufacturing industries 
was 268,491, the number of salaried of¬ 
ficials, clerks, etc., was 790,267, and the 
amount of salaries was $938,574,967 ; 
average number of wage earners was 
6,615,046; and the total amount of wages 
paid was $3,42^,037,884; cost of mater¬ 
ials needed was $12,141,790,878; and the 
total value of products was $20,672,- 
051,870. 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


63 


In the important interest of transpor¬ 
tation there were 249,992 miles of rail¬ 
way in operation in 1910, carrying 971,- 
683,199 passengers, 1,849,900,101 short 
tons of freight, employing 47,095 passen¬ 
ger and 2,243,236 freight and other cars. 
Dividends declared from current income, 
1911, $283,411,828. 

In 1911 the number of vessels built 
reached 291,162 tons, of which, with ves¬ 
sels previously built, the tonnage en¬ 
gaged in foreign trade was 872,671, and 
that engaged in coastwise trade, 6,766,- 
119, and on the Great Lakes, 2,243,523. 

The consumption of wines and liquors 
in 1911 was: Wines, 63,859,232 gallons; 
malt liquors, 1,966,911,744 gallons; dis¬ 
tilled liquors, 138,858,989; total wines 
and liquors, 2,169,356,965 gallons; giving 
the result of the consumption, per capita, 
of 22.79 gallons. 

The postal statistics for the same year 
are: Number of postal cards issued, 
975,138,748; ordinary postage stamps is- 


64 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


sued, 10,046,068,728; number of pieces of 
matter mailed, estimated, 16,900,522,138; 
paid as compensation to postmasters, 
$28,284,964; gross revenue of the de¬ 
partment, $237,879,823; gross expendi¬ 
ture of the department, $237,648,926. The 
total number of post offices was 59,237; 
length of post routes, 435,388 miles; 
money order offices in operation, 51,809; 
domestic money orders issued, 81,146,- 
233; value of same, $578,111,005; inter¬ 
national, $109,604,639. Educational sta¬ 
tistics are given elsewhere on these 
pages. 


What are the lessons of these awaken¬ 
ing figures? But very brief reference 
can be made to these in this place. Such 
elaborations will come later. The object 
here is to impress the reader with the 
rapid and wonderful growth of these 
interests, the far greater part of which 
has been accomplished within little more 
than half a century. 



ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


65 


“ These figures are given not only to 
indicate the magnitude of this rapid de¬ 
velopment, but to lay a foundation for 
accounting for the evils which, during 
that time, have crept into our industrial 
system. It is for the reader to deter¬ 
mine, from all the facts here presented, 
what proportion of the unsatisfactory 
condition of our industrial system nat¬ 
urally is incident to rapid growth, and 
what measure of it is the outcome of 
capitalist intrigue.” 

The foregoing statistics are brought 
down only to 1911. More than the aver¬ 
age annual increase has been maintained 
since that date. In the interest of ex¬ 
ports, the United States has become the 
largest exporting nation of the earth. 
This supremacy is partly due to the ex¬ 
port of munitions incident to the Euro¬ 
pean war, but the lead thus obtained is 
not likely ever to be destroyed. 

From a former production of the 


66 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


writer of these pages, the following ob¬ 
servations are here given: 

Our industrial conditions have reached 
a stage in the development of abuses, 
which so imperatively demand a rem¬ 
edy that further delay in this respect 
is fraught with serious danger to so¬ 
ciety. The ruling class, so called, is 
as deeply concerned and as keenly 
pressed in efforts to discover what 
should be done to meet the requirements 
of industrial growth now realized, but 
not dreamed of half a century ago, as 
probably are a majority of the people 
who are concerned from the standpoint 
of their damaged personal interests. 
There is considerable misunderstanding 
on this whole question. Many suppose 
that required betterment would flow in 
abundance from a needed subjugation of 
selfishness on the part of those whom 
we call capitalists, but while there is 
a measure of truth in these claims, there 
are interests involved in any proposed 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


67 


changes of existing industrial plans, 
which concern the credit and general 
standard of industry and business in this 
country, which are national and inter¬ 
national. These cannot be overlooked. 
Their protection naturally is a charge 
upon the wonderful sagacity, skill and 
energy of the men who have built up 
the industry and business interests of 
the United States into a movement of 
human glory greater than the race has 
hitherto beheld. 

The keen-cutting edge of the problem 
now in the hands of the people for so¬ 
lution demands a transformation of ex¬ 
isting industrial and economic systems, 
which, while it will realize needed re¬ 
lief from oppression, will not impair 
the general progress. It is realized, how¬ 
ever, that true progress is not attained 
in a prosperity of the few, while the 
many suffer. Without attempting to dis¬ 
criminate as to the proportion of the 
people wronged by present methods, and 


68 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


without analyzing the functional forces 
contributing to the distress and unrest 
among our people, beyond what is neces¬ 
sary to reveal the facts, it is here said, 
without the possibility of truthful contra¬ 
diction, that the number placed at a dis¬ 
tressing disadvantage is alarmingly in¬ 
creasing. 

These conditions demand a radical 
change, and their voice is joined with 
that which seeks a system broad and 
strong enough to meet the demands of 
the hour with justice to all concerned. 

This change for the betterment of our 
industrial system must be wrought by 
educational agencies, and, as already in¬ 
dicated, these forces will soonest and 
most effectively rise from the industrial¬ 
ization and socialization of our public 
educational institutions. This work is 
the paramount aim of our proposed 
league system. 


ACHIEVEMENTS OF INDUSTRY 


69 


This showing gives a picture of one 
of the greatest triumphs of the world¬ 
girdling march of what we fondly 
call Christian Civilization. But these 
achievements are yet in the beginning of 
their making. Transformation and bet¬ 
terment of human conditions in the 
United States are in the early morning 
of development. The incoming new or¬ 
der referred to on these pages, before 
the meridian of the present century is 
passed will erect a new summit of 
achievements for this nation. The set¬ 
tlement, or partial settlement, of the dis¬ 
cord in the railroad industries of the 
country, worked out by federal legisla¬ 
tion, in September, 1916, is in precise 
line with the industrial evolution pre¬ 
dicted in this brief effort. The changes 
secured, or to be realized in this great 
interest, very soon will spread ‘to all 
the productive and other industries of 
this country. 


CHAPTER Y. 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING. 

F ROM what has been said it is to be 
seen that human growth and de¬ 
velopment, human progress and achieve¬ 
ment, should be resolved, in our under¬ 
standing, to the making of good, efficient 
citizens out of the materials which the 
civilizations of the earth are supplying 
to this nation. Careful thought and re¬ 
search, with a moderate play of the in¬ 
tuitive vision, present to the open, free, 
unprejudiced mind, this interpretation 
of our national ^situation. We have 
reached a summit in our intellectual ad¬ 
vancement, whereon this higher bent of 
thought refuses longer to be suppressed, 
70 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


71 


at the selfish behest of purely material¬ 
istic conceptions. We need a more en¬ 
lightened understanding of what we are 
and what the trend of natural and hu¬ 
man forces are appointed to make us. 

This, as with all other periods of 
human endeavor, past and future, in an 
age of efficient citizenship making, in 
every possible, normal sense of this 
term. It is the one great interest, the 
practically exclusive business enterprise 
of humanity—the paramount industry 
of the human state. Touching this great 
interest we need a broadeir vision, a 
more illuminated understanding, — a 
grasp of the true situation—somewhat 
delivered from gross materialism. The 
leaders of thought and action in our civ¬ 
ilization, the moulders and builders of 
our institutions, need to be awakened 
from a prejudice into which, by a 
strange proneness, probably due to ex¬ 
cessive selfishness, they have developed 
themselves. This is plainly seen in the 


72 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


mental types of distinctive Americanism 
which a large portion of our people en¬ 
tertain, and verbally express in their 
talk, on the lines of civil preparedness. 
Know-nothingism is not yet dissolved 
from the ideals of some of our leaders 
of American economy. The sentiments 
expressed in the conventions of 1787, 
and the years immediately following, out 
of which the Constitution of the United 
States was moulded, with its predomi¬ 
nating ideals of liberty and union, still 
prevail, and yet are forcibly applied to 
our educational endeavor to develop ef¬ 
ficient citizenship. It is true that in 
the debates of these conventions, the 
founders of our government and insti¬ 
tutions, set before them as their partly 
defined incentive for national growth, an 
ideal democracy,, and placed their con¬ 
fidence and trust in free, public educa¬ 
tion, for its realization. But the ideals 
of citizenship of those days contem¬ 
plated such a reconstruction of immi- 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


73 


grants as would transform them to the 
mould of typical native Americans. This 
ideal still prevails, and is being accentu¬ 
ated by the modern know-nothings, from 
pulpit and platform, in an amazing mis¬ 
apprehension of the place and function 
of assimilation of bloods, lores and other 
surviving elements of older civilizations, 
in the chemical fluxes of American 
growth and development. 

It is difficult to bring one of these 
exponents of a lost cause to see that the 
citizen of the United States of the near 
future will only, in small part, personify 
the original settler on American soil. 
During his first few years residence in 
the United States, in the earlier stages 
of process of becoming a citizen of this 
country, the foreign born settler pre¬ 
sents a disquieting attitude to the man 
of old Americanism ideas. Especially is 
this the fact if the newcomer is engaged 
in a laudable effort to master our nation¬ 
al language. This he often finds quite 


74 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


as difficult as tlie transference of his 
national allegiance from the government 
of the country of his birth to that of this 
nation. In this struggle to accomplish 
a lay-mastery of our language, we have 
a display of the first steps of United 
States citizenship building, by the im¬ 
migrant, steps that we should admire 
and that should be a source of healthful 
inspiration to our native born citizenry. 

The writer resided in the East, for the 
greater part in Boston, until his boyhood 
days were passed. In that period he 
beheld and heard only old-time Ameri¬ 
canism. Then he located in Chicago, 
where for more than twenty years the 
situation was little changed. In 1898, 
he moved on to the rising new city of 
Seattle, and there he found about the 
same conditions, 1 although the distinct¬ 
ively old-time American elements were 
in evidence in types even stronger than 
in Chicago. At the close of 1915, he 
made a trip of observation from Seattle 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


75 


to Boston, through Chicago. After the 
Rockies were passed the human scene 
became most awakening. In Chicago 
large districts had become strongly for- 
eignized, and in these a strange blending 
of foreign languages greeted the sense 
of hearing. In Boston the situation was 
one of almost complete transformation. 
Indeed, in a wide sense, the Boston, and 
even the New England, of 1865-70, no 
longer existed. The population of the 
Metropolis had densely filled scores of 
towns, which, in a business and social 
way now are an integral part of the 
wonderful Commonwealth Capital. 

In passing through the thickly peopled 
and curiously winding streets of old Bos¬ 
ton, which comprised the city of forty 
years ago, and in visiting many outlying 
districts, such as Charlestown, Chelsea, 
East, West, North and Old Cambridge, 
and Cambridgeport, Waverly, and a 
score of other locations, but slightly 
rural in their make-up, where he met 


76 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


many kinsfolk, there was to be heard, al¬ 
most exclusively, the blend of foreign 
tongues, in a curious song of conven¬ 
tional intercourse, such as presented to 
the traveler a new setting to New Eng¬ 
land civilization. The experience was 
most awakening. The writer talked with 
some of the people in these places, and 
asked for an explanation of the new 
conditions. One distinctively old-time 
American, whitened by anxiety and age, 
but still hanging on to his ideals of 
Americanism, born in the Revolution, 
said: “Why, my dear man, can’t you 
see that our country is going to the bad 
just as fast as possible. We have opened 
a country and founded a government for 
foreigners, and now we must get out,” 
and he brought the end of his cane down 
upon the brick sidewalk, vehemently. 

This brief, crude, narrative of the 
writer’s observations, truthfully depicts 
actual conditions in this country, but the 
situation is not alarming to one whose 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


77 


vision is too large to fit into a vest 
pocket snuff box. The man of compre¬ 
hensive, broadened views of the phases 
of our time, while he sees in all this an 
over congestion of citizenship elements, 
possibly flowing into the country in a 
current of immigration out of propor¬ 
tion, in size of volume, with the work of 
our educational agencies for efficient 
citizenship building, he also beholds in 
it, the future greatness of the grand 
new nationality rising from the human 
“melting pot” of America. The situa¬ 
tion is not one to fear. On the other 
hand these conditions call the matured 
citizenship of the United States to the 
performance of educational work,—to 
the industry of citizenship building. For 
this too long delayed, but transcendently 
essential enterprise, the nation’s public 
educational systems should at once be 
industrialized, and in a measure, “busi- 
nessized,” if the coinage of a word may 
be permitted. There should be a radical 


78 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


change of curriculum and of general ap¬ 
pointments, and this new industrially ed¬ 
ucational work should he broadened, seg- 
gregated and classified, both as to con¬ 
trol, management and distribution. It 
should become a source of wealth to 
society, rather than be continued as a 
burden on taxpayers. But of this much 
is found in another part of this small 
volume, and those which will follow it. 

While the subject of the foreigner is 
under consideration, it may be profita¬ 
ble to observe that the older and more 
enlightened citizens of the United States 
should display more zeal in a work to rec¬ 
oncile him and his aspirations to our in¬ 
stitutions. While educational agencies 
should be employed in this propaganda, 
these may not all find activity within 
the four walls of the public school build¬ 
ing. We should have carefully con¬ 
trolled and directed citizenship societies 
for social and assembly instruction and 
entertainment, in which the fraternal 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


79 


spirit must rule. We wlio have longer 
resided in America, should get ac¬ 
quainted with our foreigners, and take 
them into our confidence, into our love, 
into our very lives. This is their country 
as well as it is our country. While the 
government and people of the United 
States, the latter well settled in the ex¬ 
ercise of more or less efficient citizen¬ 
ship, are of destiny appointed as guardi¬ 
ans over American institutions, and 
while these trained forces are naturally 
charged with the important duty of di¬ 
recting the development of citizenship 
among new comers, it should be remem¬ 
bered that these foreigners possess nat¬ 
ural rights and the freedom to exercise 
them, as soon as they land on our shores. 
They have a claim, in brotherhood, fra¬ 
ternity and fellowliood upon those who 
have become established in this country, 
and these people cannot afford to dis¬ 
respect this natural claim. 

It is doubtful whether or not our fed- 


80 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


eral government has made too much of 
pro-foreign manifestations in this coun¬ 
try, incited by the European war. It 
should not, for a moment be supposed 
that the foreigner on taking up residence 
in the United States, and beginning the 
work of training for citizenship should, 
in one stroke of naturalization, expunge 
from his breast his love for the parent 
land, and many of its institutions and 
kindred ties. Such would be a suppo¬ 
sition of ignorance, but there is a limit 
beyond which these manifestations 
of interest in the parent country should 
not be permitted to go. At this point 
the guardianship of American institu¬ 
tions must step in with a controlling 
power. If, however, we have neglected 
our duty towards these foreign born ele¬ 
ments of our population, until war dev¬ 
astates and desolates the fatherland, we 
should appropriate the lesson taught us 
in this respect, when the hour of discord, 
or the act of disloyalty in breaches of 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


81 


neutrality break upon the face of society 
to disturb our peace. 

While President Wilson probably was 
not too severe in his language to con¬ 
gress on December 7, 1915, respecting 
certain pro-foreign elements in this 
country, it is proper to inquire to what 
extent our neglect of citizenship training 
towards these people was responsible for 
the offenses complained of. He said: 

“ There are citizens of the United 
States, I blush to admit, born under 
other flags, but welcomed under our gen¬ 
erous naturalization laws, to the full 
freedom and opportunity of America, 
who have poured the poison of disloy¬ 
alty into the very arteries of our nation¬ 
al life; who have sought to bring the 
authority and good name of our govern¬ 
ment into contempt, to destroy our in¬ 
dustries wherever they thought it ef¬ 
fective for their vindictive purposes, to 
strike at them and to debase our politics 
to the uses of foreign intrigue. 


82 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


“No federal laws exist to meet this 
situation, because such a thing would 
have seemed incredible in the past. Such 
creatures of passion, disloyalty and an¬ 
archy must be crushed out. They are 
not many, but they are infinitely ma¬ 
lignant, and the hand of our power 
should close over them at once. ” 

It is noted here that while demonstra¬ 
tions in breach of American neutrality 
were in full swing at the time here 
stated, and that while these were of such 
a character as to call for drastic action 
on the part of the government, the 
course thus taken brought these viola¬ 
tions to a close. The prompt action of 
the Department of Justice in instituting 
prosecutions and in securing convictions 
in all cases where the law could reach 
the offenses did much to accomplish this. 
The most regrettable phase of this sit¬ 
uation is that the unlawful and disquiet¬ 
ing propaganda complained of has been 


CITIZENSHIP IN THE MAKING 


83 


seized by the politicians, and become a 
subject for agitation in the national 
campaign of 1916. This will have a 
tendency to perpetuate the unfortunate 
breach. However, it will be well to re¬ 
member the incident as one of the les¬ 
sons of the greater world war, having 
directly to do with American develop¬ 
ment. 

As the whole subject of United States 
citizenship, or complete citizenship pre¬ 
paredness, is considered from its differ¬ 
ent aspects, its importance grows in 
one’s estimation. It is seen that efficiency 
development is one of the greater es¬ 
sentials, if not practically the all of na¬ 
tion building in this country. It is a 
more engrossing interest than in the 
case with any other nation. The task 
is more difficult in America, and en¬ 
gages a wider range ( of elements and 
educational activities than in any coun¬ 
try of Europe. It is the paramount 


84 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


consideration in the great work of car¬ 
rying the development of our institu¬ 
tions of civilization to higher summits 
of human progress. 


CHAPTER VI. 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP. 

C ONSIDERATION is now invited to 
the question, in what sense a new 
nationality and a new type of citizenship 
are rising in America, and as to the 
sources of this New World development. 
It is significant that the great continent 
of America was opened to the human 
family just as the populations of Euro¬ 
pean and other nations reached the over¬ 
flowing mark. North American portals 
were opened wide to this overflow. 

It was the more rugged—the more per¬ 
sistent human elements of Europe that 
came to this country. This immigration 
continued until within these shores were 
85 


86 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


to be met with the largest varieties of 
human materials for the work of assim¬ 
ilation to be found in one nation any 
where on the earth. Here were and are 
gathered every type and mould of civ¬ 
ilization, every nationality, and all the 
bloods, lores, languages, religions and 
family ties which the history of mankind 
has listed. No other continent,—no 
other national domain can boast so many 
varieties of living elements for the pro¬ 
cesses of assimilation. 

Think of it! With such a vast and 
varied collection of human elements, 
each in a partially compounded state, 
as this nation now contains, needing only 
an effective helm to guide our rising 
civilization to find and chemically unite, 
in the proper proportion of each, these 
living, purposive varieties, so as to se¬ 
cure the richest flux of nationality yet 
realized in the sweep of human achieve¬ 
ments, does not our foundation for 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


87 


claiming the most potential summit for 
future attainments become plain! 

Was ever there such an opportunity 
for phenomenal growth and progress in 
our world! Look at the natural re¬ 
sources of our land, inclusive of our 
people! These are inexhaustible and 
abundantly rich, in even more than a 
potential sense. The energy and enter* 
prise of the people are blooming into 
skill and achievement. We need only 
the controlling power of government, in 
wisdom to guide, but we can realize this, 
as we all know, only in the measure of 
the preparedness of United States cit¬ 
izenship. 

It is idle to look for efficiency of gov¬ 
ernment, only as one can find it in the 
citizenry of the nation. Are these not 
powerfully awakening facts! Does not 
the future of our nation, and to a great 
extent that of humanity, depend wholly 
upon the efficiency—the capacities for 
service—of its people, generally—of its 


88 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


men, women, and, even of its children? 

By what methods are these human ele¬ 
ments to be fluxed, or blended into a 
higher and grander nationality,—the 
new American nationality—than the 
world has yet realized? This attain¬ 
ment is the soul of United States des¬ 
tiny. The answer is at hand. The old 
order is to pass and a new and better 
order of human living is to come in, in 
application to all these human elements, 
as their generations rise, one after an¬ 
other, thus, in turn, falling under the 
developing, assimilating agencies of a 
more effective educational curriculum. 

There is growing power in the plan of 
all these elements, as far as practicable, 
doing business, teaching, preaching and 
praying in one and the same language— 
the language of, the United States, so 
that all may partake of each other’s 
personal and ideal distinctions, in social 
activities, in a grand, up-building ex¬ 
change of virtues and talents; so that, 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


89 


by all joining in a fraternity blend of 
the same national aspirations of patri¬ 
otism and loyalty, for country, flag, con¬ 
stitution and institution, our precious 
destiny may be realized; and so that 
the stronger mind and hand may be ex¬ 
tended in helpful thought and action to 
the weaker and less developed. 

The war! The European war! The 
awful world conflict! After it, what? 
In a wonderful sense has not all this 
shedding of human blood, this slaughter 
of human lives, been poured out and pre¬ 
cipitated in an effort to teach America, 
and thus to awaken America, to prepare 
for the new duties, and to meet the new 
requirements and responsibilities, which 
the terrible conflict is laying conspicu¬ 
ously at our doors? 

No serious venture is made by the 
declaration that this more than half¬ 
world conflict will extend into a whole- 
world war, unless America promptly 
heeds and appropriates, in active ap- 


90 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


plication, the lessons the first is forcibly 
teaching us. Our governments, federal 
and state, and all our people should be 
awakened to realize that this nation is 
confronted with a task far more im¬ 
portant than international diplomacy, or 
international war. This is the work of 
establishing within our own borders, a 
more equitable and harmonious indus¬ 
trial economy, so as to prepare a way— 
a highway—before the people for the 
acquirement of a higher standard of 
industrial, economic, political, intellec¬ 
tual and ethical citizenship. 

Without this we will utterly fail to 
achieve the new and higher American 
nationality with which destiny is ready 
and willing to crown our endeavors. We 
should find out that industry, normally 
performed, is educational, and that it 
is the one and only basic principle of 
educational growth and development. 
We are not much longer to be educated 
for industry, but by industry. 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


91 


Efficiency for productive—materially 
productive—industry is not the goal of 
education, but education, with human 
growth and development is the great 
objective of industry and endeavor. This 
is the highway to civil preparedness— 
to good citizenship—the route we must 
take to reach the needed transformation 
of our economy. 


CHAPTER VII. 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP. 

L ET us consider nationality and citi¬ 
zenship from the viewpoint of po¬ 
litical economy. It is not wise to ignore 
even the politics of these important sub¬ 
jects. Often we may best realize the 
value of our citizenship, as to its phases 
of loyalty, patriotism and capacities for 
service, by its being put to the test. Our 
national government, in its efforts to 
enforce a prudent neutrality from the 
start of, and during the terrible more 
than half-world conflict, soon discovered 
a deficiency in the loyalty of several 
elements of the population. The number 
92 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


93 


of people who carried in their hearts 
a dual allegiance was found to he quite 
large. 

It naturally rises for consideration as 
to what extent the guardianship—the 
government of the nation—has fulfilled 
its obligations to the destiny of this 
country in the great concern, or interest 
of even political citizenship. And this 
enquiry appeals not only to the federal 
government, but to the state govern¬ 
ments as well, for while naturalization 
laws are the concern of the congress, 
educational interests, without the proper 
application of which, naturalization leg¬ 
islation must be of comparatively little 
advantage, are the charge of the states. 
It is the Rev. J. E. Hand, in 4 ‘ Good 
Citizenship, ’ ’ who said: ‘ ‘ A worthy cit¬ 
izenship must have its basis on a Chris¬ 
tian and ethical foundation, and that all 
classes of men should apply their re¬ 
ligious motives to the purposes of cit¬ 
izenship.’ J 


94 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


It must not be forgotten that this 
question naturally comes up under two 
great considerations, namely, that of the 
acquirement of capacities for service, 
and that of the application of these qual¬ 
ifications in the performance of duties 
and the discharge of responsibilities, in 
useful vocations. In the all important 
matter of the application of efficient cit¬ 
izenship qualifications, we at once face 
the whole problem of the duties now 
pressing for attention and action upon 
the people of this country. These duties, 
many of them long neglected, call for im¬ 
mediate performance, first, on the part 
of the government; but the government 
as such, is comparatively powerless to 
carry out what really is required, until 
a more enlightened sentiment in support 
of a somewhat decisive change in nation¬ 
al and state policies is created. 

The political history of our nation, 
covering the last one hundred and thirty 
years, demonstrates the fact that the* 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


95 


people of this country, at no period, have 
risen to a very complete understanding 
of the requirements of American citi¬ 
zenship. Indeed, if one will even hur¬ 
riedly run over the debates in the Con¬ 
stitutional Convention of 1787, as all 
seeking to be informed on this question 
should do, it will be seen that the few 
traces of budding new nationality 
which the records afford are crude in 
the extreme. In short these betray a 
large want of knowledge of the natural 
destiny of the dawning new nation, 
which these otherwise able patriotic 
statesmen, composing that historic body, 
were charged with forging foundations 
for. It scarcely could have been other¬ 
wise, since in no reasonable conclusion 
can we attribute to those grand fathers 
of our institutions, an adequate fore¬ 
sight of the mental, moral, physical, po¬ 
litical, social and material developments 
that have been realized in the brief per¬ 
iod named. 


96 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


Possibly we are over prone to yield to 
a sentiment that excessively estimates 
the wisdom and sagacity of the founders 
of our distinctive institutions of civiliza¬ 
tion, industry and progress. They were 
loyal to duty in the largest and highest 
possible measure, but of course, only 
within the limitations of their scientific 
and intuitive knowledge. Their ever 
to be remembered and emulated zeal, in 
affirmations of freedom from foreign 
jokes of tyranny and oppression, found 
wide and effective expression, in terms 
of the spirit of liberty and union, for 
which the flag of this country then stood, 
and will for ages stand, to signalize a 
new departure in human civilization—a 
new era in human achievements. These 
patriots did not, of course, enjoy the 
lofty point of view which permits Amer¬ 
ican statesmen of our day, to behold, in 
a single, panoramic vision, the achieve¬ 
ments of mankind, not only stretching 
down the centuries behind us, but pro- 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


97 


jecting vision into the future, the latter 
aspect made plain by the amazing prog¬ 
ress of the nineteenth century, and that 
of the greater part of the first quarter 
of the twentieth. 

This fact is emphasized by the now 
rising demand for a revision of a con¬ 
siderable part of their potential labors, 
and for supplementary provision to meet 
new requirements of national progress. 
It no doubt is best for the world and 
mankind that the great work that these 
pioneer statesmen—the ever to be hon¬ 
ored fathers of our constitution—accom¬ 
plished, in a state of partial incomplete¬ 
ness, as to some of its features which 
characterize it, sa that twentieth cen¬ 
tury experience, wisdom and sagacity, 
the more readily may be employed to 
extend the application of the great 
scheme. In order that readers, who have 
not already done so, may the more ef¬ 
fectively prepare themselves to deal 
with the new political and economic 


98 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


problems that are now rising, it is here 
recommended that all whose attention 
may be given to these pages will avail 
themselves of the public libraries to 
compass a short course of reading and 
study of the debates, in the Constitu¬ 
tional Convention of 1787, especially vol¬ 
umes bearing on the issues of citizen¬ 
ship and naturalization; also the Acts 
concerning naturalization, of 1790, 1795, 
1798, 1802, 1813, 1816 and 1824; of the 
“Expatriation Controversy”; of the 
44 Native Americanism,” and the “Ag¬ 
gressive Native Americanism,” and the 
“Know-Nothing” agitations. These data 
are elaborated in several volumes, 
among them, a small book by Prank 
George Franklin, entitled, “The Legis¬ 
lative History of Naturalization in the 
United States.” It is probable that, 
among other things, those who now en¬ 
gage in research concerning the political 
side of citizenship qualifications should 
as early as possible refresh their mem- 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 


99 


ories, by a reading and study of the 
political history of naturalization, for 
even a digest of which there is not avail¬ 
able space in this effort. 

Two important considerations are in¬ 
volved in the problem of the betterment 
of United States Citizenship, politically. 
One is in the making of efficient citizens 
out of foreign born people, the other, 
and possibly the most important, in view 
of recently disclosed conditions, consists 
in transforming all the elements of our 
present population to the desired stand¬ 
ard. On account of the neglects and fail¬ 
ures of the past, governmental and oth¬ 
erwise, this task, that is in every sense 
mutual, is not without its difficulties. 
It is in some measure, blighting to one’s 
sense of loyalty and patriotism towards 
the flag, constitution, government and 
institutions of this country, that the pros 
and cons of the foreign nations at war 
with each other are permitted to over¬ 
shadow the cause of the United States, 


100 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


in the hearts and minds of thousands of 
its legal citizens. We regret this to be 
sure. It is a characteristic of early 
twentieth century conditions, which, un¬ 
der the healing influences of right edu¬ 
cational training, will soon pass. 

No truly loyal citizen of the United 
States, no matter where he may have 
been born, can contemplate, without a 
keen sense of wounded national pride, 
the extensive, daring, espionage system 
that has been in active operation in this 
country, on behalf of foreign powers, 
even for years before the awful war 
began, and, of course, with greater zeal 
since the conflict started. The humiliat¬ 
ing part of this program is felt in the 
fact that it enlisted the services of, at 
least, legal citizens of this nation. It 
became evident to our government that 
this daring spy system had reached a 
condition and magnitude, such as might 
easily precipitate a reign of terror in 
this country, should we become involved 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 101 


in a conflict with certain European 
powers. This is a phase of deficient cit¬ 
izenship that calls for a cure. It is 
quite possible that better naturalization 
laws might have mitigated this evil. 

However, the whole problem of nat¬ 
uralization may be regarded as of sec¬ 
ondary importance. The issue here re¬ 
solves itself to the fact that a democracy 
cannot create citizenship wholly by law; 
nor can the application of law alone se¬ 
cure the loyal conduct of any citizenry. 
There is manifest need of a revision of 
our naturalization laws, first for the pur¬ 
pose of moulding them to conform to 
educational requirements, and, second, 
with a view to withholding an important 
measure of civil and political rights 
from foreign born applicants, who will 
not, or for certain reasons, cannot qual¬ 
ify, mentally, morally, physically, intel¬ 
lectually or politically, for the high priv¬ 
ileges and responsibilities, naturally in¬ 
herent in normal United States citizen- 


102 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ship. The moral and political phases 
here referred to include the important 
element of loyalty. 

The candidate from the start should 
be given to understand that a citizen of 
the United States, whether foreign or 
native born, cannot exercise the right 
to serve a foreign nation against its foes, 
while such enemy powers are at peace 
with this country. Not only this, but 
such applicant should be refused final 
papers, unless able to completely satisfy 
the authorities of the United States that 
he or she has heartily and completely 
espoused the cause of this nation, to 
the extent of having honestly and com¬ 
pletely renounced any phase of alleg¬ 
iance to a foreign power that might lead 
to such a breach of loyalty. The federal 
government, the state governments co¬ 
operating, should put a final and com¬ 
plete ending to foreign espionage in this 
country; and not only this, by the se¬ 
verest penalties, but designate as trea- 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 103 


sonable, any act of a citizen detrimental 
to a power, with which the nation of his 
or her birth may be at war, and with 
which the United States is in relations 
of amity. 

But the place or nation of birth should 
not prevail in the work of sifting ma¬ 
terials for citizenship in this country. 
On the other hand acquired qualications 
should govern. All as far as possible, 
who are naturalized by our laws, and 
by residence, vocation and training in 
America, should be able to successfully 
pass an examination, attesting to intel¬ 
lectual and moral qualications, and be 
found, after due investigation, to be po¬ 
litically in such a state of mind and 
heart as to be able to completely throw 
off all traces of political allegiance to 
the foreign country of his or her birth. 
The period of probation probably should 
be lengthened, greatly, for some—for 
many—while for others there would be 
no demand for this. This period, as to 


104 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


its length, should be made to depend 
upon the work necessary to be done 
by the candidate, and it should be long 
or short, within reasonable limitations, 
according to the progress made in qual¬ 
ifying for citizenship duties. The re¬ 
sults of this progress should depend 
upon the determinations of the examina¬ 
tions and investigations of the conduct 
of the candidate, during the period of 
probation. In cases where the conduct 
of applicants during probation is objec¬ 
tionable, or wherein it presages disoly- 
alty to this government, all rights rising 
from first papers should be cancelled. 

The probationary period in which po¬ 
litical citizenship is in its first stages 
of the making should be weighed and 
measured by what the candidate says 
and teaches, as well as by the moral and 
political aspect of his or her other con¬ 
duct. It will be remembered, however, 
that our best citizens recruited, so to 
speak, from foreign nations are not 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 105 


those who flee from governments which 
they hate, bringing with them the seeds 
of revolution and anarchy, but rather 
those who leave behind governments and 
institutions which they love. They make 
all the better citizens by bringing this 
love of native land with them; and here 
in this country of freedom, they are un¬ 
grudgingly given complete liberty for 
expressions of this love. It is by this 
liberty and this practice that this nation 
is being enabled to work out its wonder¬ 
ful destiny. The trained revolutionist,— 
trained because of the tyranny and mon- 
archial oppression suffered in his native 
land, even by his fathers, or because he 
is a revolutionist by blood and leanage— 
is not desirable material for American 
citizenship. Often it will require a wait¬ 
ing for the second or third generation 
of this type of immigrant, before an 
acceptable standard of manhood is real¬ 
ized. The professional revolutionist is 
to be avoided. 


106 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


Christianity has impressed its imprint 
upon civilization and good citizenship, 
to the extent that in the most advanced 
nations, the people commonly make use 
of the term, Christian civilization. It 
has been well said that the standing 
motto of good citizenship, in our age, 
is the “Fatherhood of God and the 
Brotherhood of all Mankind.’’ In the 
declaration of this principle of faith, the 
Christian element finds expression. This 
brotherhood includes all nationalities 
and all religions as well as the heathen, 
and should be the recognized basic prin¬ 
ciple of American nationality,—of the 
new and better civilization which this 
nation is appointed to establish and pro¬ 
mote. Therefore, the writer ventures to 
say that the sacred oath or affirmation 
of United States citizenship, should in¬ 
clude this principle,—and this, of course, 


NATIONALITY AND CITIZENSHIP 107 

should apply to all whether native or 
foreign born. This is even of more im¬ 
portance than the declaration of re¬ 
nouncement of allegiance to a foreign 
power. 


CHAPTER VIII. 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS. 

T HE almost universal conflict has 
brought and is still bringing to the 
United States, a new set of conditions, 
covering almost every human interest. 
Among these our disturbed relations 
with Mexico is just now uppermost in 
American thought. It is safe to say that, 
with or without intervention, the atti¬ 
tude of the Mexicans is such, and con¬ 
ditions in that revolution ridden country, 
of a character; to provide this country 
with military and diplomatic duties for 
a long time to come. Recent develop¬ 
ments in Mexico indicate a long struggle, 
108 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


109 


with slight, or pronounced phases threat¬ 
ening enlarged international complica¬ 
tions. 

The spirit of war and conflict appears 
to be spreading to the whole race, so 
that the wisest of our thinkers are com¬ 
pelled to stand aghast before the ter¬ 
rible onsweep. This spirit may take 
possession of the natural elements and 
administer to many portions of man¬ 
kind, a reign of devastating and deso¬ 
lating fury. There is a mutual depend¬ 
ence between these elements and man¬ 
kind, which our sciences and philoso¬ 
phies have not yet solved. The problem 
is forcing the great and the humble to 
think seriously. This thinldng finds hut 
little expression. Those enjoying a clear 
intuitional vision, and who might he able 
to give us a more or less intelligent fore¬ 
cast, are impelled into silence by their 
fears. It is not the hour for predicting 
evil. There never was a time appointed 
for this purpose. It is a dangerous, 


110 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


a hurtful, proceeding at any time. It 
is far better to predict the approach 
of a happier and more peaceful period, 
and to mentally behold its dawn as close 
at hand, when phases in the human sky 
can he found on which to hang such 
hopes, and when these cannot he dis¬ 
cerned, it is in wisdom to remain silent. 
This is precisely what our people, who 
possess broad, strong visions of the 
signs of our time, are doing. 

Beyond human wars, and conflicts of 
the natural elements, there may be for- 
bodings of approaching pestilences, such 
as 41 walk in the darkness,’’ or of “des- 
trucations that waste at noonday,” or of 
psychological darkness, with mental con¬ 
flicts, that will precipitate a reign of 
suicides. But all such forbodings are 
but unreal manifestations of disordered 
mental states. They should be dissolved 
from imagination as ghosts and phan¬ 
toms. This is a period for the affirma¬ 
tion of approaching deliverance, and 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


111 


for heroic faith in the near approach 
of peace, harmony and abounding pros¬ 
perity. It is a state which will be 
soonest dissolved by optimistic fore¬ 
casts. Nevertheless, tl^e voice of real 
preparedness bids all people to make 
ready for wonderful changes on the 
earth. 

We know that we are all in a transi¬ 
tional period—a period of conflict, which 
is clouding the human sky—and that 
when the storm is passed, the sun of our 
hopes and aspirations will again flood 
the realm of human life with a stronger 
light, giving us green fields, bountiful 
harvests, abundant prosperity and a 
higher, happier peace. It is the darker 
night preceeding a brighter dawn, that 
the race is in, and when the morning of 
restoration comes, and it is now com¬ 
ing, we shall gradually realize and en¬ 
ter into a new and better order. It, 
therefore, is the period for faith, trust 


112 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


and reliance, in the glories of human des¬ 
tiny. 

One easily can see that the great war 
already has affected economic conditions 
in this country, from the fact that it 
has given us high prices and higher 
wages in several industries, and checked 
expansion and brought about stagnation 
in others. But the many problems, and 
varieties of effects which the conflict of 
nations is bringing to America, to tax 
the zeal, sagacity and citizenship capa¬ 
cities of the people of our country, al¬ 
ready have passed to the greater prob¬ 
lem of how we may best deal with these 
new conditions. Indeed, it is probable 
that we need greater preparedness for 
taking care of new conditions, that will 
meet the government and people of the 
United States at the close of the war, 
than we require to successfully cope with 
events that may overtake us before that 
period arrives. It is seen that when 
the terrible war closes the people of this 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


113 


nation will find themselves facing a 
mighty change. Onr economic, political 
and financial relations with Europe, and 
the greater part of the world, will have 
risen to a new basis. The Dominion of 
Canada will naturally find in New York 
City, rather than in London, the source 
of much needed capital for reconstruc¬ 
tion and resumption of general industry, 
business and commerce. 

London, Paris, Berlin and other Euro¬ 
pean financial centers will find it con¬ 
venient and necessary, in a wide range 
of operations, to make use of New York 
City as a financial clearing house; and 
this cannot fail to greatly influence and 
change the trend of international diplo¬ 
macy. Reconstruction in Europe will 
call for everything this country can sup¬ 
ply, and our commerce will speedily aug¬ 
ment to vast proportions. The work of 
domestic development, at home, will be 
resumed, in respect of Alaska and the 
Pacific West, and railway extension will 


114 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


become imperative. Our industries will 
be augmented and multiplied, wages will 
increase, prices will hold, except as to 
food-stuffs, and the nation, throughout 
its vast areas, will become a scene of 
great activity, in manufacturing, pro¬ 
duction, transportation, agriculture, and 
all allied industries. 

The commerce of the Atlantic will be 
restored, and a new era will dawn, mark¬ 
ing the advent of the supremacy of the 
world’s commerce to the Pacific Ocean. 
The mighty procession of civilization 
and human achievements will make 
ready to cross the Pacific, as a century 
ago it did to overcome the Atlantic 
Ocean. This will be the period of mak¬ 
ing new international treaties, commer¬ 
cial, political and otherwise. Doubtless 
a measure of ydiole world government 
will be provided for. A new commercial 
treaty will be needed by the United 
States, Japan and China. All the Euro¬ 
pean powers will be interested in this 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


115 


greatest of all international undertak¬ 
ings of modern times,—greatest, because 
it will provide for the regulation of the 
commerce of the Pacific, and the recon¬ 
struction and transformation, politically 
and economically, of the Asiatic conti¬ 
nent. This great undertaking, made 
necessary by the westward trend of civ¬ 
ilization, will loom in interest to the at¬ 
tention of the whole civilized world. It 
is the coming greatest international 
problem of the ages. Upon its wise so¬ 
lution the prosperity, peace and happi¬ 
ness of the inhabitants of the two hem¬ 
ispheres will depend. It will be the last 
great international achievement of the 
present era, except that of the confed¬ 
eration of all nations, at its close. 

Europe will be taxed with the work of 
agreeing upon the warp and woof of in¬ 
ternational treaties. The success of this 
enterprise will determine the duration 
of the peace that will follow the war. 
In all these treaties the United States 


116 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


will be directly interested, because this 
nation will assume, naturally, economic, 
commercial and diplomatic leadership. 

The important part which this nation 
will take in rebuilding the countries of 
Europe, while it will be almost exclus¬ 
ively economic and financial, may prove 
somewhat troublesome, owing to changes 
that will be required in our immigra¬ 
tion and naturalization laws and tariff 
policies. These already are momentuous 
interests, and should at once receive pa¬ 
tient and skilful attention, on the part 
of our government and people. It may 
be concluded in wisdom that our popu¬ 
lation having already exceeded the hun¬ 
dred million mark, affords an adequately 
strong datum, when natural increase is 
considered, for a more enlightened reg¬ 
ulation of immigration, so that progress 
in assimilation may not become con¬ 
gested by an overflow of new elements. 
In these vital concerns, wisdom and pa¬ 
triotism should be consulted in order to 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


117 


best serve the cause of mankind, as well 
as that of the people of the United 
States. This country belongs, by natural 
right, to the race as a whole, but, as 
already stated, this doctrine naturally 
contemplates a strong, loyal guardian¬ 
ship. 

These observations, covering only a 
small part of the ground under consid¬ 
eration, strongly indicate the great re¬ 
sponsibilities that will overtake us at 
the close of the war; and to a small 
extent, explain to readers the importance 
of our being prepared to discharge them. 
The growing importance of our manu¬ 
facturing and agricultural industries, as 
well as those of transportation and com¬ 
merce, dependent upon them, to the aug¬ 
mentation of which the European war 
has given a strong impetus, is seen in 
the fact that while formerly this nation 
ranked third in the exportation of gen¬ 
eral products, being exceeded by both 
Great Britain and Germany, it now 


118 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ranks first. Manufacturers in this coun¬ 
try have doubled since 1900, according 
to an analysis of the 1915 census return. 
These figures show that the total prod¬ 
uct for 1914—the year covered by the 
1915 census—aggregates $24,000,000,000, 
as compared with $12,000,000,000 in 
1912. The figures show that the manu¬ 
factures of the United States now are 
double those of any other country in the 
world. 

This enormous growth of our indus¬ 
tries, wrought in such a short period, 
could not have been accomplished with¬ 
out many inequities creeping into the 
industrial system. This wild speed of 
progress, however, has gone forward 
with the realization of many improve¬ 
ments in these respects, notwithstand¬ 
ing. Nevertheless this gigantic interest 
calls for retrospection and introspection, 
for further improvements in the all im¬ 
portant concern of distribution. As our 
exports increase, in spite of the increase 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


119 


in production, the cost of living in this 
country appears to increase also, with¬ 
out the needed enlargement of incomes 
to correspond. Many readjustments are 
required for the realization of better 
harmony on these important lines. 

The hour has struck, calling for a 
specific movement in this country for a 
general readjustment of our industrial 
systems. It may be that a mixed com¬ 
mission, representative of the federal, 
each of the state governments, each of 
the great industrial interests, commer¬ 
cial bodies, industrial welfare organiza¬ 
tions, the women’s clubs, and so on, 
should be created, as early this or next 
year as practicable, to set at the nation¬ 
al capital with committees thereof hold¬ 
ing sessions at the state capitals, at con¬ 
venient times, the whole body continuing 
its labors for several months, with the 
object of investigating our industrial 
and general economic status, and of 
formulating a new code, educational, etli- 


120 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ieal, industrial, social and financial, and 
of finding ways and means of putting the 
same into forms of law and usage. 

Beyond all doubt, some such welfare 
plan as this should receive the co-oper¬ 
ation of a large and wisely selected, and 
fully authorized educational commission 
also representative of the federal, state 
governments, educational organizations, 
industrial and commercial bodies, teach¬ 
ers and school people, colleges and uni¬ 
versities, and possibly religious bodies, 
and this should deliberate in a similar 
method for the purpose of finding out 
what changes, or readjustments in our 
educational systems are required to se¬ 
cure a higher standard of citizenship ca¬ 
pacities in this nation, generally. And 
this body should have power to find ways 
and means of resolving the results of 
its labors to a hew and better system, in 
practical application and use. 

This is said in a full knowledge of the 
good work which the General Education 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


121 


Board, the National Educational Associ¬ 
ation and the Teacher ’s national conven¬ 
tions are doing. These movements are 
completely ex-official, without the proper 
authority or power, and find it impos¬ 
sible to do more than create sentiment, 
by the dissemination of much needed in¬ 
formation. What probably is needed is 
a definite, legally authorized movement. 

One great gain to be harvested by 
such endeavor is that of enlisting the 
efforts of the people, quite generally, 
in welfare work. The plan, if carried 
out, would awaken the people—men and 
women—to a realization that they, as 
plain citizens, have a work to do, as well 
as the constituted authorities. The 
citizen, man or woman, should realize 
that he or she, by natural right, is a 
“ constituted authority’’ for general 
service; and this general service extends 
to all betterment endeavors. Such move¬ 
ments are new and necessary steps in 
democracy building. Our citizens should 


122 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


train themselves, in order that we may 
have a more efficient, more loyal and 
patriotic system of government, includ¬ 
ing executive, legislative and judicial de¬ 
partments. It is well known that gov¬ 
ernments cannot reach a higher plane of 
efficiency, even from considerations of 
loyalty and patriotic devotion, than that 
of the citizenry of the nation. The gov¬ 
ernment cannot rise higher than its 
source, hence the necessity of awakening 
the people to a more or less spontaneous 
enleavor to develop personal citizenship 
capacities. 

The attention of readers is directed, 
for a few moments, to the work now 
going forward in the United States in 
the way of preparation for military op¬ 
erations for adequate defense, or even 
for war, should such be thrust upon the 
nation. Vast sums of money will need 
to be raised, at once, to meet the de¬ 
mands thus arising. Our munitions and 
textile industries must and will turn 


FACING NEW CONDITIONS 


123 


their attention and efforts to domestic 
requirements, and as already intimated, 
transportation, general manufacturing, 
agricultural pursuits, and other indus¬ 
tries will be at once augmented. Our 
citizenry should prepare to handle these 
new and rapidly growing interests. Our 
army, daily increasing, as well as our 
enlarging navy, must be supplied. It 
is fair to say that, all things consid¬ 
ered, the industry and business of this 
nation will be doubled in volume and 
demand in a short period. The people 
should not wait till confusion and de¬ 
ficient organization, with their evil re¬ 
sults, overtake the country, before mak¬ 
ing preparation for handling these new 
conditions. This form of prosperity is 
speedily approaching. It is upon us. 
The people are not prepared to meet 
its demands. They should lose no time 
in making the necessary preparation. A 
thousand and one interests rise to men¬ 
tal vision which demand civil prepared- 


124 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ness. There is not space to list even a 
considerable portion of these in this 
small volume. About the only task the 
writer could perform, in this small ef¬ 
fort, was to awaken our people into a 
sense of duty. The call is for action. 
What will you do? It is a personal as 
well as a social problem. 


CHAPTER IX. 


HEALTH, WEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP. 

W E should expand and diversify our 
ideals of industry. While it is 
true that the human personality, by na¬ 
ture, is so constituted, as to its phys¬ 
ical and mental organism, that, without 
continuous activity, or conduct-motion, 
it must as constantly famish for various 
needed supplies and renewals, it also is 
to he remembered that there is real work 
—real productive industry—in healthful 
play and amusement,—in recreations, 
outings, travel, the endeavors necessary 
to entertaining and instructive observa¬ 
tion; in reading and platform work; in 


126 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


teaching and in the appropriation of 
curricula; in physical training; and even 
in sport and laughter. 

But in all this wide range of activity 
and endeavor, in order that it may be 
productive of true values, there must be 
the true value purpose behind it, else it 
will often be barren of good results. 
Complete living is conscious living. Con¬ 
scious life never can be realized except 
as it flows from right purposes. This is 
wherein the elements of self-control and 
self-government find expression. As 
with the personal, so with social and 
with national life. Healthful, normal 
control, or government, is an outflow of 
the true value purpose, always. This 
almost self evident truth impels to a 
consideration of what true values are. 
True values are eternal values. These 
constitute the imperishable part of hu¬ 
man life. They take their rise in right 
purposes, in mental activities, normal to 
wisely controlled thinking, and manifest 


HEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP 


127 


themselves in conduct. Conduct thus 
flowing from a purified mental fountain 
is an embodiment of art, displaying to 
observation, the beautiful, the true, the 
noble and the grand. 

It is of these eternal values—these 
acts of righteousness—moulded from 
fraternal patterns and for social uses, 
that the hidden personality of the man 
and the woman, and even the child, is 
made. It only is when intuition strongly 
supplements reason, that one can see 
that the real human body is composed 
of the warp and woof of good deeds, 
spun and woven into triumphs of art; 
or, that this real body is an embodi¬ 
ment of good “ deeds done in the body,” 
which are immortal. A good deed, a 
right action, flowing from a noble pur¬ 
pose, is imperishable. Fortunately, evil 
deeds are unreal, and subject to dissolu¬ 
tion at the hands of the afflictions which 
they impose. Thus the real body of the 
man, the woman or the child, is an en- 


128 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


during “book of remembrance.’’ This 
is included here, to give additional force 
to what already has been said, to the 
effect that people do not, as yet, gener¬ 
ally know what they are really doing 
when engaged in work in any of the 
right callings, professions, or vocations 
of industry. 

It is error to conclude that one must 
be engaged in a sense, ennobling occupa¬ 
tion, in order to make real progress in 
personality building. The man at the 
helm, who is guiding his ship and its 
passengers through a blinding storm, 
and over surging waves, in the darkness, 
with only an oil light to reveal the face 
of the faithful compass; the woman per¬ 
spiring over the steaming wash tub, or 
straining back and limb at the ironing 
board, or in scrubbing the kitchen floor, 
may be as effectively building the pre¬ 
cious personality, as is the preacher at 
the sacred desk, the physician at the sick 
bed-side, or the person, who with loving 


HEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP 


129 


hands, is soothing the fever-burnt brow 
of the sick and suffering. Who can tell? 
Who knows what he or she is really do¬ 
ing when in discharge of the necessary 
duties of human life? It is the purpose 
that shapes the ends of human living, no 
matter how rough and rugged the serv¬ 
ice rendered may be. 

Upon this ground it is well said that 
the humblest service is ennobling, honor¬ 
able. In a sense of essential variety, it 
may be seen that work is noble, grand, 
productive, in the measure that it is 
purposively performed for the happi¬ 
ness of mankind. W 7 hen one is deprived 
of an opportunity to perform service on 
lines of desire, or selfish ambition, it 
may he considered as quite certain that 
he or she should engage, without delay, 
in work most available or nearest to this 
person, no matter how humble it may 
he, if essential. Why? Because this 
particular line of service may he the 


130 


SCHOOL OP CITIZENSHIP 


very kind of industry needed for the 
time. 

If the rule of our sense classifications 
of service, as to their respectability or 
character is to prevail, then we may be 
sure that classes, as we now have them, 
will continue, with their discords, jeal¬ 
ousies and conflicts, but when loyalty and 
patriotic devotion to service for the hap¬ 
piness of mankind become the ruling in¬ 
centives of citizenship, many of the 
problems that now confront the race, 
refusing to be solved, will be dissolved. 
Truth is wonderful in nothing more 
pleasant to human realization than the 
fact that when one becomes reconciled in 
bravely attacking a sense disagreeable 
service, the necessity for performing it 
generally vanishes. All these vexatious 
tasks come tp test our loyalty to the 
cause of mankind, which cause, of 
course, embraces all our personal in¬ 
terests. 

Then, there are the important interests 


HEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP 


131 


of physical, mental, moral and ethical 
health, and the acquirement of temporal, 
intellectual and spiritual wealth. It is 
the duty of every human to strive to be¬ 
come healthy and wealthy, in the broad¬ 
est sense of these terms. Efficient citi¬ 
zenship is not in demonstration without 
the continuous rising of these effects. 
Substantial cash prizes have been of¬ 
fered in this country for the best essay 
on the origin of disease. These should 
have been given for the most useful re¬ 
searches on the origin and maintenance 
of health. Mental health is secured by 
a proper control of thought, or thinking, 
and physical health is realized by ex¬ 
pressing such thought or thinking in nor¬ 
mal actions or conduct. The first is the 
only guarantee of the last, and the right 
purpose is the source of the first. When 
thought is uncontrolled, and consequent¬ 
ly filled with unreal and afflicting false, 
mental imagery, actions are sure to flow 
in evil. In this mental and physical proc- 


132 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


ess, sickness and disease, discord and 
conflict are certain to rise in afflicting 
forces. Again, even when right thinking 
prevails, prior indulgences may have left 
in the human system a proneness to indo¬ 
lence and stagnation, and as a result, in 
idleness—or the absence of physical in¬ 
dustry—mental products fail of physi- 
calization, and congestion follows. This 
is a menace to health, and disease of the 
body follows, with final old age decrepi¬ 
tude, and material death. 

Therefore, one must look carefully to 
the work of keeping normal incentives 
to physical industry and action in a vig¬ 
orous state. Incentives should be strong 
enough to impel one to lively action. 
This is a source of health which cannot 
safely be overlooked. 

Many people in our world maintain an 
attitude adverse to the husbanding of 
temporal wealth, or declare themselves 
opposed to this practice. These persons, 
who are legion, belong to the realm of 


HEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP 


133 


industrial failures. They are living in 
citizenship deficiency. They have not 
accomplished complete citizenship pre¬ 
paredness. They behold the human state 
in a viewpoint that is clouded with men¬ 
tal disease. They are slothful, lacking 
in true incentives, and in the persistent 
application of essential capacities for 
service. Indeed, they often lack these re¬ 
quirements for useful.citizenship. 

It is the privilege and duty of every 
human to accumulate, honestly, of 
course, a full store of temporal bounties 
and uses. Even wild animals do this. It 
is only the indolent, half qualified human 
who develops failure in this essential 
performance of service to self. When 
one thus demonstrates his shortage of 
capacities to provide for self, in the or¬ 
dinary course of life, he cannot be said 
to be very well prepared to render val¬ 
uable service to society. One who is not 
successful in his personal interests can¬ 
not be depended upon for valuable con- 


134 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


tributions to society. Social service is 
essential. Without this human life, from 
a personal point of view, is deficient. 
Man is not enjoined to love his neighbor 
more than self. He will reach a high 
standard of citizenship, when, in his 
thought and conduct, he loves his neigh¬ 
bor as himself. In a great deficiency of 
good citizenship qualifications he will 
not love, but rather hate himself. Self 
respect is an essential foundation of civil 
preparedness. 

But as already shown on these pages, 
temporal wealth, while essential, is not 
the highest form of human riches. Com¬ 
plete or efficient citizenship is not 
reached without the attainment of pos¬ 
sessions in intellectual, moral, mental 
and physical riches. The realization of 
temporal bounties and uses, in abund¬ 
ance, will become attainable by all when 
human betterment is further advanced, 
but these imperishable bounties are with¬ 
in reach in our present state, and it is a 


HEALTH AND CITIZENSHIP 


135 


postulate to declare that one who devotes 
his or her endeavors, on right lines of in¬ 
dustry, to secure these, will pleasantly 
discover “all things needful’’ flooding 
the highway of his progress. 


CHAPTER X. 


THE COMING NEW HOME. 

U nquestionably the most im¬ 
portant interest connected with the 
educational and training work necessary 
for future efficient citizenship is discov¬ 
ered when the needs of the home are con¬ 
sidered. It is not going too far to say 
that a majority of the homes of this and 
every other country, need immediate re- 
contruction on an educational basis. This 
is said with reference to the duties of 
parents towards their children. The ed¬ 
ucational training of infants and young 
children, now beginning to engage the 
attention of the more enlightened, liap- 
136 


THE COMING NEW HOME 


137 


pily is spreading to new mothers and 
fathers, and home bnilding promises a 
wonderful expansion of interests. 

To impart to the infant a proper and 
potential bent of its budding mental and 
physical capacities is now seen to be a 
work, not only of the greatest import¬ 
ance, but of such foundational signifi¬ 
cance, that parenthood finds itself com¬ 
ing into the possession of possibilities 
not dreamed of a generation back. Those 
who have blessed themselves with the ef¬ 
fects of investigation and experimental 
research on these lines, behold a new and 
vastly enlarged future for the achieve¬ 
ments of mankind. The responsive in¬ 
telligence of the human infant is a dis¬ 
covery of the twentieth century. Who, 
even half a century ago, entertained the 
idea that the intellectual and mental 
training of infancy constitutes even a 
more productive field of educational 
work than that of childhood? Surely 
one cannot authoritatively place any lim- 


138 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


itations whatever upon the possibilities 
of mankind. 

It now is realized that the cradle 
places before parents a charge with re¬ 
sponsibilities that call for something 
more than patient watching and waiting, 
something higher and of vastly greater 
potent than washing little garments and 
bathing little bodies. This charge turns 
out to he amenable to a wide range of 
educational training, which, when prop¬ 
erly applied, is productive of the most 
surprising effects—a fruitage that soon 
will come to he esteemed as constituting 
an indispensable foundation to childhood 
and maturity. 

There is space here only to call atten¬ 
tion to the assuring past that a strong 
movement, in faithful and efficient hands, 
is rising in this^ country, which promises 
to achieve wonderful results in training 
parents to train their infants and very 
young children, by a curriculum adopted 
for this purpose. From what has been 


THE COMING NEW HOME 


139 


said on earlier pages of this volume read¬ 
ers engaged in this grand movement will 
realize that they may profitably add to 
the phases of this good work, efforts to 
assist even young children in the men¬ 
tal industry of forming a right purpose. 

In this age education in the home must 
include the educational training of par¬ 
ents, on a somewhat comprehensive scale. 
The attention of women’s welfare socie¬ 
ties is respectfully directed to the need 
of encouragement and support to this 
new phase of betterment work. This is 
done in the knowledge that some of them, 
already have achieved substantial prog¬ 
ress in this essential department of civil 
preparedness. 


CHAPTER XI. 


ELIMINATION OF HURTFUL INDUSTRIES. 

I T IS well that the elimination of hurt¬ 
ful industries from our present defec¬ 
tive economy can be accomplished only 
in the measure of the ethical develop¬ 
ment of society. The problem, however, 
presses for solution, and the task which 
it imposes ultimately must he met. This 
work, however, gives rise to many per¬ 
plexing issues. We must avoid friction 
and conflict. Not any progress is made 
when advancement is sought by needless 
and unjustifiable assaults upon what ap¬ 
pear to be the rights of industry and 
business. 


140 


HURTFUL INDUSTRIES 


141 


These industries, which are many, 
have greatly increased governmental 
machinery for their regulation, thereby 
augmenting the cost of enforcing other¬ 
wise needless laws, and thus multiplying 
the burdens of tax payers. The indus¬ 
try or business enterprises incident to 
vice, the liquor traffic, the manufacture 
of nostrums, the tobacco trade, the pro¬ 
duction of many, many forms and brands 
of prepared foodstuffs, and other inju¬ 
rious commodities, has grown into vast 
volumes, employing millions of men and 
women, great capital, many buildings 
and much real estate. The rapid increase 
of so-called drug stores, with their il¬ 
luminated signs, is a portentous phase 
of our time. Tobacco trade-shops are 
considerably more numerous than gro¬ 
cery marts in the great cities. The lat¬ 
ter are generally well filled with many 
prepared foods, which find endorsement 
from physicians, but while they please 
the fancy, and apparently satisfy the 


142 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


hunger for fads, many of them present a 
supply of edibles at least partly depleted 
of the nourishing elements natural to 
simpler foods which retain them. We 
are pampering our stomachs with man 
created foods, and our physical systems 
with alleged medicines, both of which 
create false appetites, and produce men¬ 
tal and bodily disorders. 

Chemistry and analysis, sometimes 
clothed with governmental authority, at¬ 
test to the purity of these, in spite of the 
contradictory experiences of society. The 
whole sweep of these health menacing 
supplies calls for investigation, but the 
vast multitude of problems which de¬ 
mand a higher and more efficient stand¬ 
ard of citizenship on the part of the peo¬ 
ple, enlarges the work-field for welfare 
endeavor to vast boundaries. The task 
of human betterment is a large one. Only 
such preparedness for right living, and, 
therefore, a better and more harmonious 
human economy, as will meet the natural 


HURTFUL INDUSTRIES 


143 


demands of the ages as they come and 
go, will deliver the human race from its 
existing thraldom. 

These altogether too brief observa¬ 
tions of present conditions, which en¬ 
large and diversify the task now chal¬ 
lenging human endeavor, should inspire 
the thought and physical industry of our 
citizenship to a work to attain capacities 
equal to its successful performance. 


CHAPTER XII. 


HIGHEK LESSORS OF THE WAE, 

L ET me here call attention to the fact 
that in passing from the introduc¬ 
tory to the second volume of this work, 
as we soon will do, we shall enter upon 
a method of specific lessons, by a some¬ 
what homological classification of sub¬ 
jects, so that there will not be an oppor¬ 
tunity to deal with general issues, except 
as they will find direct application to the 
more narrowly defined problems in hand. 
It, therefore, is thought to be expedient 
to devote what Space remains between 
these two covers to higher and broader 
interests. 


144 


HIGHER LESSONS OF THE WAR 145 


Wonderful, indeed, are many of the 
methods by which humans are being 
schooled. The whole world of action is 
a schoolroom, and kernels of instruction, 
as well as little impulsions of intelligence 
are continuously falling like rain drops 
and snow flakes, into the realm of hu¬ 
man mentality, to be absorbed by it. 
Bend the mental touch in whatever di¬ 
rection you please, and it will contact a 
force for good or evil training. This is 
as true of human wars as of sunshine 
and showers; of conflicts and calamities, 
as of discoveries and other achievements. 
All and everything in this world of proc¬ 
ess and progress are in the status of 
items of educational curricula. 

War is justified only when the inter¬ 
ests of humanity as a whole demand it. 
It is for students of current history to 
determine whether or not the great Eu¬ 
ropean war, which has spread to many 
parts of the earth beyond the continent 
of Europe, was undertaken, or precipi- 


146 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


tated in the cause of humanity. What 
do the many years’ preparation for this 
war, on the part of most of the nations 
that engaged in it, indicate, by way of a 
solution of this problem? A negative 
conclusion follows as naturally as night 
follows the day. Many of the more ter¬ 
rible aspects of the conflict conclusively 
support this view of the situation. 

But the selfishness of a nation is as¬ 
sembled, bit by bit, or item by item, from 
the selfish thinking and conduct of the 
individuals composing it. It is massed 
into national force over the partial de¬ 
feat of a more or less deficient educa¬ 
tional system. 

In a study of these great lessons of the 
war, it plainly is seen that mere mental 
and physical developments are not a 
sufficient safeguard against undue sel¬ 
fishness. Scientific attainments, from 
the standpoint of what is called modern 
science have not, as a rule, produced 
much growth of the fraternal spirit. It 


higher lessons of the war 147 

does not, of course, follow that the most 
scientific nation of the earth is the one 
to most zealously advocate the brother¬ 
hood of nations. The nations of Europe 
that have been foremost in science have 
rivaled each other in atrocious military 
crimes in the great war. Each great 
power, to the extent that it was able to 
do so, opened the floodgates of its science 
in mechanics and chemistry, for the dis¬ 
tinction of human lives and the desola¬ 
tion of enemy countries, in the selfish 
pursuit of an extension of national pow¬ 
er. Many of the practices resorted to in 
this awful war properly belong to a bar¬ 
barous age, except that military crimes 
have been committed by the use of mod¬ 
ern and scientific instrumentalities. Na¬ 
tional expansion at the cost of the down¬ 
fall of weak nations has been shown to 
be the motive of more than one national 
power. Such incentives cannot justify 
war in the conscience of this age, nor 
yet serve the interests of mankind. 


148 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


But, possibly, the greatest lesson of 
the war is one of a psychological nature. 
The people, great and small, of the vari¬ 
ous civilized nations, for more than a 
century, have been thinking and express¬ 
ing thought in actions, in the error of 
selfishness. The greater part of the vol¬ 
ume of this industrial life, although in 
hurtful practices has been legalized, in 
a statutory sense, but much of it has run 
along in flood producing currents of 
evil, in defiance of the laws of nature 
and those of mankind. These evil wa¬ 
ters of human life have been controlled, 
until they could no longer be restrained. 
They, at last, overflowed. In mad fury 
these evil forces have entered upon a 
conflict of self-destruction. It is the 
same in human as in the natural or phys¬ 
ical elements. Storms generate in both, 
and rage until their forces are exhaust¬ 
ed ; and these two currents of error often 
work together. 


HIGHER LESSONS OF THE WAR 149 


It is as if the overflow of evil human 
actions, expressed by abnormal mental 
states, find storage in a great social sub- 
consciousness, and there correlate and 
generate, until they break in devastation 
and desolation, to clear the human firm¬ 
ament of its darkness. By these conflicts 
the “false values’’ are shaken or dis¬ 
solved from civilization, leaving a way 
open for reconstruction on a higher 
plane. In the long run, humanity loses 
nothing and gains much by these out¬ 
bursts. This is said from the point of 
view of an imperfect or deficient civili¬ 
zation; and this will go on, with its 
transitional breaks, or periods of trans¬ 
formation, until humans learn and apply 
the lessons that such conflicts come to 
teach. 

After all, one does not have to look far 
to discover the lessons for mankind 
which the world conflict is teaching us. 
The difficulty is not in this research, but 
rather in attempts to break down un- 


150 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


righteous, human selfishness, so that 
these lessons may be appropriated and 
applied in the psychology of human 
thought and action. Wrong thinking is 
fostered under the mental darkness of 
abnormal selfishness. Wrong actions or 
conduct are the destined expressions of 
this mental disease. This unfortunate, 
psychological state will prevail, until the 
educational systems of mental and phys¬ 
ical training are changed to conform to 
a natural method—until educational cur¬ 
ricula are so readjusted and focused as to 
correct the mental processes of childhood 
and maturity. This accomplished, hu¬ 
man mental states will express them¬ 
selves in normal economy. 

This is the highway to permanent pros¬ 
perity and peace for mankind. The work 
is yet in its crude .beginnings. The great¬ 
er part of it remains to be accomplished. 
Today this greater part of the human 
task challenges human endeavor. People 
should not allow themselves to be de- 


HIGHER LESSONS OF THE WAR 151 


ceived. There will be no lasting, bounti¬ 
ful peace in our world, for all, until it 
is attained through an enlightened ap¬ 
plication of these essential processes. 
Hence, the need of a nation-wide awak¬ 
ening, so far as this country is con¬ 
cerned, in a movement for complete citi¬ 
zenship preparedness, not only at the 
hands of public education for the youth, 
but by means of social welfare organi¬ 
zations, that will deal with economic and 
political issues, in class assembly work 
and on forums, among adults. 

As the third year of the world war en¬ 
ters upon its course, the people of the 
belligerent nations of Europe who have 
escaped military service, consisting, for 
the greater part, of young children, the 
advanced youth and the elderly find 
themselves in a sad condition. Of this 
situation residents of the United States 
possess but slight knowledge. The his¬ 
tory of mankind, all things considered, 
does not present its equal. A vast ma- 


152 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


jority of the homes in the warring na¬ 
tions are the scene of mourning and des¬ 
olation, poverty and want. In some sec¬ 
tions, notably seaport cities, vice and 
crime are rampant. Women are operat¬ 
ing street cars and other vehicles, load¬ 
ing vessels, and doing men’s work gen¬ 
erally. More than this, the human crisis 
which is settling down in a black mantle 
of anxiety and fear over the greater part 
of Europe is extending its shadows to 
the Western Hemisphere. Already the 
more barbaric elements of Mexico have 
provided the United States with a fore¬ 
taste of war, which may be a warning to 
our people that the awful conflict pos¬ 
sibly is to gain a desolating foothold in 
this country. 

It may be said that the rapidly becom¬ 
ing universal conflict already has invad¬ 
ed this nation in a strong psychological 
aspect, which may be portentous of new 
phases of the world strife yet to be ex¬ 
perienced. It is possible that the clos- 


HIGHER LESSONS OF THE WAR 153 


ing months of 1916 may give the nations 
a brief respite from actual slaughter, but 
genuine, lasting peace is far distant. 

May it not be that the righteous de¬ 
crees of great moral forces will sooner 
or later bring the people of this country 
to task in some form of affliction, in pay¬ 
ment of the debt it now may be deemed 
to owe humanity for the economic crime, 
partly hidden in current, official statis¬ 
tics, which show that the export of muni¬ 
tions from this country to the fighting 
nations of the Old World has caused a 
rise in our export trade, for the month 
of March, 1916, of more than double the 
average March exports of the last five 
year? The total exports for March, 1916, 
were more than $410,000,000. It is es¬ 
timated, unofficially, that more than $1,- 
500,000 of this amount was for the direct 
support of war. The whole amount of 
our increased export trade, on war ac¬ 
count, since the conflict began cannot be 
far short of $1,500,000,000. It may cost 


154 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


the United States greatly to exceed this 
amount for military and naval prepared¬ 
ness, necessary in order to meet the 
needs of the present situation, and to 
cover the costs of any measure of war 
that may eventuate in defense of the hon¬ 
or and peace of this nation. If our neu¬ 
trality had been extended to include an 
embargo on the export of munitions, and 
we could have induced other neutral na¬ 
tions to follow the example, the great 
war would have exhausted its forces 
months ago, and an enforced peace would 
prevail in Europe today. If it were a 
national economic crime to supply the 
tools of slaughter to the European na¬ 
tions at war, with no other justification 
or excuse than the glitter of gold, the 
people of this country may wisely con¬ 
clude that they *will be called upon to 
pay a just penalty. This may be one 
ground for the belief that, in effect, we 
have invited war to come to America, 
and for the expectation that this unfor- 


HIGHER LESSONS OF THE WAR 155 


tunate invitation will meet with an af¬ 
flicting response. 

A strongly organized agitation for 
military and naval preparedness ,such as 
will be equal to the needs of the United 
States, in the event of an invasion of 
this country by armed forces, our inter¬ 
vention in Mexico, or an assault upon the 
peace and security of the nation, from 
within, inspired or instigated among 
pro-foreign elements, by agencies from 
without, is at present, July, 1916, yield¬ 
ing the desired fruitage in both congres¬ 
sional legislation and mobilization. But 
a majority of the people of the United 
States, while holding to the view that 
military preparation, ample to meet all 
possible exegencies that may rise out of 
the worlds greater war, contend, with 
equal vigor, that without the accompani¬ 
ment of civil preparedness—without the 
development of a more efficient citizen¬ 
ship, and a more harmonious industrial 
economy, within the nation—this neces- 


156 


SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP 


sarily heavy burden upon the taxpayers 
of the country will not yield the bounties 
of peace and prosperity, to anything like 
the extent that would be realized with 
this essential aspect of educational work, 
on civil lines, acting, at least supplemen¬ 
tary to it, not only as a guardian force 
over the peace we now enjoy, but as the 
means of resolving it to the fruitage of 
greater bounties. 


END OF VOLUME ONE 








































































































* 














* 





















* 

















V 



















































» 
































\ 



















































✓ 






















- 































.. . 8 

' 










































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































